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A key component of the CT lung phantom project is the ability to compare the estimated nodule size with the known true size or reference gold standard. As part of our project, volume was used as a surrogate measure of size. The true volume estimate of each synthetic nodule was derived from weight and density measures. Both the CIRS-and Kyotokagaku nodules were accompanied by density measures. Nodule weights were measured in our lab using a precision scale of 0.1 mg tolerance (Adventurer Pro AV 2646, Ohaus Corp, Pine Brook, NJ). Three repeat weight measurements were made and these weights were averaged to produce a final estimated weight for each nodule. Our estimates of the true volume of the synthetic nodules in each layout are summarized in Table 3 along with approximated xyz location of nodule center in the CT scans.