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Introduction to CTIIP

Today, medical technicians and doctors cannot directly compare different types of medical images from the same person. For example, you cannot take an ultrasound of a tumor and compare its features to those on a slide containing cells of that same tumor, let alone compare that tumor to the same kind in a mouse. Since image data from different disciplines are in different formats, comparing them means changing those native formats to something both can interpret, risking important changes to the data contained within. This is not good news for a patient.

Most cancer diagnoses are made based on images. You have to see a tumor, or compare images of it over time, to determine its level of threat. Ultrasounds, MRIs, and X-rays are all common types of images that radiologists use to collect information about a patient and perhaps Most cancer diagnoses are made based on images. You have to see a tumor, or compare images of it over time, to determine its level of threat. Ultrasounds, MRIs, and X-rays are all common types of images that radiologists use to collect information about a patient and perhaps cause a doctor to recommend a biopsy. Once that section of the tumor is under the microscope, pathologists learn more about it. Radiologists and pathologists represent different scientific disciplines, however, without a common vocabulary. To gather even more information, a doctor may order a genetic panel. If that panel shows that the patient has a genetic anomaly, the doctor or a geneticist may search for clinical trials that match it, or turn to therapies that researchers have already proven effective for this combination of tumor and genetic anomaly through recent advances in precision medicine. Like radiology and pathology, genomics uses its own vocabulary, preventing data from being directly shared.

Another Yet another way we learn about cancer in humans is through small animal research. Images from small animals allow detailed study of biological processes, disease progression, and response to therapy, with the potential to provide a natural bridge to human disease. Due to differences in how data is collected and stored about animals and humans, however, the bridge is man-made.

Each of these diagnostic images are at a different scale, from a different scientific discipline. A large-scale image like an X-ray may be almost life-size. Slices of tumors are smaller still and you must put them on a slide under a microscope to see them. Not surprisingly, each of these image types require specialized knowledge to create, handle, and interpret them. While complementary, each specialist comes from a different scientific discipline.

. Images from small animals allow detailed study of biological processes, disease progression, and response to therapy, with the potential to provide a natural bridge to human disease. Due to differences in how data is collected and stored about animals and humans, however, the bridge is man-made.

Each of these diagnostic images are at a different scale, from a different scientific discipline. A large-scale image like an X-ray may be almost life-size. Slices of tumors are smaller still and you must put them on a slide under a microscope to see them. Not surprisingly, each of these image types require specialized knowledge to create, handle, and interpret them. While complementary, each specialist comes from a different scientific discipline.The good news is that it is now possible to both create large databases of information about images and apply existing data standards. The bad news is that each of these databases is protected by proprietary formats that do not communicate with one another, and standards do not yet exist for all image types. Researchers from each of the disciplines under the umbrella called imaging refer to the images in a unique way, using different vocabulary. Wouldn't it be nice if a scientist could simply ask questions without regard to disciplinary boundaries and harness all of the available data about tissue, cells, genes, proteins, and other parts of the body to prove or disprove a hypothesis?

One promise of big data is that data mashups can integrate two or more data sets in a single interface so that doctors, pathologists, radiologists, and laboratory technicians can make connections that improve outcomes for patients. Such mashups require and await technical solutions in the areas of data standards and software development. A significant start to all of these technical solutions are the sub-projects of the National Cancer Institute Clinical and Translational Imaging Informatics Project (NCI CTIIP).

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As discussed so far, cancer research is needed across domainsdisciplines. To serve this need, the National Cancer Institute Clinical and Translational Imaging Informatics Project (NCI CTIIP) team plans to meet it by creating a data mashup interface, along with other software and standards, that accesses The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) clinical and molecular data, The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) in-vivo imaging data, caMicroscope pathology data, a pilot data set of animal model data, and relevant imaging annotation and markup data.

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