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caNanoLab AnchorRTF34363331373a204368617074RTF34363331373a204368617074 Glossary
Acronyms, objects, tools and other terms referred to in this caNanoLab Online Help User's Guide are described in this glossary.

Term

Definition

% of control

Anchor

RTF70657263656e745f636f6e74

percentControl

RTF70657263656e745f636f6e74

percentControl
The ratio of assay signal in the sample treated with the experimental agent to that of samples treated with the control. This ratio is expressed as a part per 100.

% purity for sample

Anchor

RTF7075726974795f73616d706c

percentPurity

RTF7075726974795f73616d706c

percentPurity
The percentage of the assayed material that is comprised of the sample of interest.

2D-circle

Anchor

RTF32442d636972636c65

2Dcircle

RTF32442d636972636c65

2Dcircle
A ring-shaped structure with every point equidistant from the center.

2D-diamond

Anchor

RTF32442d6469616d6f6e64

2Ddiamond

RTF32442d6469616d6f6e64

2Ddiamond
The shape has four distinct sides making a parallelogram with two inner obtuse angles and two inner acute angles.

2D-ellipse

Anchor

RTF32442d656c6c69707365

2Dellipse

RTF32442d656c6c69707365

2Dellipse
A closed plane curve resulting from the intersection of a circular cone and a plane cutting completely through it, especially a plane not parallel to the base.

2D-parallelogram

Anchor

RTF32442d706172616c6c656c6f

2Dparallelogram

RTF32442d706172616c6c656c6f

2Dparallelogram
A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both parallel and equal in length.

2D-polygon

Anchor

RTF32442d706f6c79676f6e

2Dpolygon

RTF32442d706f6c79676f6e

2Dpolygon
A closed plane figure bounded by straight sides.

2D-rectangle

Anchor

RTF32442d72656374616e676c65

2Drectangle

RTF32442d72656374616e676c65

2Drectangle
A parallelogram with four right angles. A square is a special rectangle with four equal sides.

2D-square

Anchor

RTF32442d737175617265

2Dsquare

RTF32442d737175617265

2Dsquare
A plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles; a four-sided regular polygon.

2D-trapezoid

Anchor

RTF32442d74726170657a6f6964

2Dtrapezoid

RTF32442d74726170657a6f6964

2Dtrapezoid
A four-sided polygon with only two parallel sides.

2D-triangle

Anchor

RTF32442d747269616e676c65

2Dtriangle

RTF32442d747269616e676c65

2Dtriangle
A three-sided polygon.

3D-cone

Anchor

RTF33442d636f6e65

3Dcone

RTF33442d636f6e65

3Dcone
A shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point.

3D-cube

Anchor

RTF33442d63756265

3Dcube

RTF33442d63756265

3Dcube
An object that is comprised of six regular, solid, congruent square faces and has three equal axes at right angles to each other.

3D-cylinder

Anchor

RTF33442d63796c696e646572

3Dcylinder

RTF33442d63796c696e646572

3Dcylinder
A surface formed by circles of a given radius that are contained in a plane perpendicular to a given axis, whose centers align on the axis.

3D-disc

Anchor

RTF33442d64697363

3Ddisc

RTF33442d64697363

3Ddisc
A flat circular plate or anything with a similar shape.

3D-fibril

Anchor

RTF33442d66696272696c

3Dfibril

RTF33442d66696272696c

3Dfibril
A small slender fiber or filament

3D-hexadron

Anchor

RTF33442d6865786164726f6e

3Dhexadron

RTF33442d6865786164726f6e

3Dhexadron
Any polyhedron having six plane faces.

3D-needle

Anchor

RTF33442d6e6565646c65

3Dneedle

RTF33442d6e6565646c65

3Dneedle
The geometry of an object that resembles a needle, meaning that it has a long slender cylindrical shape.

3D-oblate spheroid

Anchor

RTF33442d6f626c617465737068

3DoblateSpheroid

RTF33442d6f626c617465737068

3DoblateSpheroid
The geometry of an object that is shaped like a spheroid compressed at the poles.

3D-polyhedron

Anchor

RTF33442d706f6c79686564726f

3Dpolyhedron

RTF33442d706f6c79686564726f

3Dpolyhedron
A solid figure bounded by plane polygons or faces.

3D-prolate spheroid

Anchor

RTF33442d70726f6c6174657370

3DprolateSpheroid

RTF33442d70726f6c6174657370

3DprolateSpheroid
A spherical shape that has a polar diameter that is longer than its equatorial diameter.

3D-rod

Anchor

RTF33442d726f64

3Drod

RTF33442d726f64

3Drod
An object resembling a slender bar.

3D-sphere

Anchor

RTF33442d737068657265

3Dsphere

RTF33442d737068657265

3Dsphere
A solid or hollow three-dimensional object bounded by a closed surface such that every point on the surface is equidistant from the center.

3D-tetrahedron

Anchor

RTF33442d746574726168656472

3Dtetrahedron

RTF33442d746574726168656472

3Dtetrahedron
The geometry of an object which is comprised of a polyhedron containing four faces.

3D-tetrapod

Anchor

RTF33442d7465747261706f64

3Dtetrapod

RTF33442d7465747261706f64

3Dtetrapod
The geometry of an object that consists of four rods in a tetrahedral arrangement.

activation effect

Anchor

RTF61637469766174696f6e5f65

activationEffect

RTF61637469766174696f6e5f65

activationEffect
The result of having the sample undergo the process of activation. (i.e. cleavage of a bond, release from quenching or encapsulation)

activation method

Anchor

RTF61637469766174696f6e5f6d

activationMethod

RTF61637469766174696f6e5f6d

activationMethod
The process that allows the sample to realize its intended functionality.

agent

Anchor

RTF6167656e74

agent

RTF6167656e74

agent
An active power or cause (as principle, substance, physical or biological factor, etc.) that produces a specific effect.

animal study

Anchor

RTF616e696d616c5f7374756479

animalStudy

RTF616e696d616c5f7374756479

animalStudy
An animal that is amenable to experimentation and whose physiological or pathologic mechanisms are sufficiently similar to those of a human for the animal to serve as a model.

antibody

Anchor

RTF616e7469626f6479

antibody

RTF616e7469626f6479

antibody
A type of protein made by B-lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.

antigen

Anchor

RTF616e746967656e

antigen

RTF616e746967656e

antigen
Any substance, generally a protein that stimulates the immune system and elicits an immune response. Recognition by the immune system elicits either a T-lymphocyte response, recognizing processed antigens, or a B-lymphocyte response, producing antibodies that bind to unprocessed antigens.

apoptosis

Anchor

RTF61706f70746f736973

apoptosis

RTF61706f70746f736973

apoptosis
An active process of selective destruction of differentiated cells in multicellular organisms, apoptosis is one of two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being necrosis, a pathological process). Important in ontogenesis, tumorigenesis, tissue turnover, lymphocyte selection and function, hormone-induced atrophy, etc., it serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. Apoptosis is responsible for physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites and endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites.

aspect ratio

Anchor

RTF6173706563745f726174696f

aspectRatio

RTF6173706563745f726174696f

aspectRatio
The ratio between the longest and shortest dimension of an object.

associated element

Anchor

RTF6173736f6369617465645f65

associatedElement

RTF6173736f6369617465645f65

associatedElement
An entity in the sample that is chemically associated with another entity in the sample.

attachment

Anchor

RTF6174746163686d656e74

attachment

RTF6174746163686d656e74

attachment
The act of affixing one thing to another.

average diameter

Anchor

RTF617665726167655f6469616d

averageDiameter

RTF617665726167655f6469616d

averageDiameter
The mean diameter of the fullerene component of a sample.

bacterial/yeast/mold

Anchor

RTF62616374657269616c

bacterialYeastMold

RTF62616374657269616c

bacterialYeastMold
A test to determine if the sample has been contaminated by bacteria, yeast, or mold.

bioluminescence

Anchor

RTF62696f6c756d696e65736365

bioluminescence

RTF62696f6c756d696e65736365

bioluminescence
The emission of light in an organism through a physiological process or in an experimental system that mimics the physiological conditions.

biopolymer

Anchor

RTF62696f706f6c796d6572

biopolymer

RTF62696f706f6c796d6572

biopolymer
A type of polymer produced by living organisms.

See also

Also refer to polymer. In the context of caNanoLab, a biopolymer can be either a nanomaterial entity or a functionalizing entity.

blood contact

Anchor

RTF626c6f6f645f636f6e746163

bloodContact

RTF626c6f6f645f636f6e746163

bloodContact
Assays that examine how the sample interacts with whole blood, blood-borne molecular components, platelets or red blood cells.

book chapter

Anchor

RTF626f6f6b5f63686170746572

bookChapter

RTF626f6f6b5f63686170746572

bookChapter
One of the main sections into which the text of a book is divided.

boolean

Anchor

RTF626f6f6c65616e

boolean

RTF626f6f6c65616e

boolean
The type of an expression with two possible values, "true" and "false". Also, a variable of Boolean type or a function with Boolean arguments or result. The most common Boolean functions are AND, OR and NOT.

branch

Anchor

RTF6272616e6368

branch

RTF6272616e6368

branch
An oligomeric or polymeric construct that extends from the parent macromolecule.

bulk phase

Anchor

RTF62756c6b5f7068617365

bulkPhase

RTF62756c6b5f7068617365

bulkPhase
The substance in an emulsion that usually makes up the largest portion of the emulsion and contains another substance suspended within.

CFU_GM

Anchor

RTF6366755f676d

CFUGM

RTF6366755f676d

CFUGM
A functional (qualitative) as well as quantitative assay that is utilized as an indicator of granulopoiesis reconstitution.

carbon nanotube

Anchor

RTF636172626f6e5f6e616e6f74

carbonNanotube

RTF636172626f6e5f6e616e6f74

carbonNanotube
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are fullerene-like nanostructures that consist of graphene cylinders. The ends of the construct are closed with pentagonal-shaped rings.

caspase 3 apoptosis

Anchor

RTF63617370617365335f61706f

caspase3apoptosis

RTF63617370617365335f61706f

caspase3apoptosis
The ratio of assay signal in the sample treated with the experimental agent to that of samples treated with the control. This ratio is expressed as a part per 100.

cell binding/internalization

Anchor

RTF63656c6c5f62696e64696e67

cellBindingInternalization

RTF63656c6c5f62696e64696e67

cellBindingInternalization
Test that examines the ability of a sample to bind to or be internalized by cells.

cell death method

Anchor

RTF63656c6c5f64656174685f6d

cellDeathMethod

RTF63656c6c5f64656174685f6d

cellDeathMethod
The indication of how the cells died in a cytotoxicity experiment (necrosis or apoptosis).

cell line

Anchor

RTF63656c6c5f6c696e65

cellLine

RTF63656c6c5f6c696e65

cellLine
A permanently established cell culture that will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space.

cell viability

Anchor

RTF63656c6c5f76696162696c69

cellViability

RTF63656c6c5f76696162696c69

cellViability
A cellular process that directly affects the ability of a cell to proliferate, grow, divide, or repair damaged cell components. (NCI)

centrifugation

Anchor

RTF63656e747269667567617469

centrifugation

RTF63656e747269667567617469

centrifugation
Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects.

characterization

Anchor

RTF63686172

characterization

RTF63686172

characterization
A series of analytical methods that provide information about nanoscale entities such as composition, structure and defects. This information is critical for nanoparticle preparation, the study of properties, use, and reproducibility of the material.

charge

Anchor
charge
charge
The quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons.

chemical association

Anchor

RTF6368656d6963616c5f617373

chemicalAssociation

RTF6368656d6963616c5f617373

chemicalAssociation
Any process of combining chemical entities that is dependent upon chemical forces.

charge

chemotaxis

Anchor

RTF636861726765RTF636861726765The quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons.

chemotaxis

chemotaxis
chemotaxis

AnchorRTF6368656d6f7461786973RTF6368656d6f7461786973

The characteristic directional movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus.

chirality

Anchor

RTF63686972616c697479

chirality

RTF63686972616c697479

chirality
A measure of the degree of geometrical symmetry in the structure of the nanotube. The resultant symmetry is quantified based upon the on the material properties of the construct.

clinical trials

Anchor

RTF636c696e5f747269616c73

clinicalTrials

RTF636c696e5f747269616c73

clinicalTrials
Research conducted with human subjects or on material of human origin in which an investigator directly interacts with human subjects; includes development of new technologies, study of mechanisms of human diseases, therapy, clinical trials, epidemiologic, behavior, and health services research.

coagulation

Anchor

RTF636f6167756c6174696f6e

coagulation

RTF636f6167756c6174696f6e

coagulation
The clotting of blood.

coat

Anchor

RTF636f6174

coat

RTF636f6174

coat
A thin outer layer or film covering something.

colloid

Anchor

RTF636f6c6c6f6964

colloid

RTF636f6c6c6f6964

colloid
A mixture of microscopic particles suspended in some sort of liquid medium.

colloid-emulsion

Anchor

RTF636f6c6c6f69642d656d756c

colloidEmulsion

RTF636f6c6c6f69642d656d756c

colloidEmulsion
A suspension of liquid within another liquid or a dispersion consisting of two or more liquid phases.

colloid-gel

Anchor

RTF636f6c6c6f69642d67656c

colloidGel

RTF636f6c6c6f69642d67656c

colloidGel
Jelly like material formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid.

colloid-sol

Anchor

RTF636f6c6c6f69642d736f6c

colloidSol

RTF636f6c6c6f69642d736f6c

colloidSol
A colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid.

complement activation

Anchor

RTF636f6d706c656d656e745f61

complementActivation

RTF636f6d706c656d656e745f61

complementActivation
The complement system consists of more than 30 proteins engaged in host defense. It provides both an independent immune system capable of attacking microbes as well as other foreign material and an adjunct to the antibody system. Once activated, the complement system fires in a cascade-like fashion in which one component activates the next. Both swift and powerful, millions of complement components can deposit on an invading microbe within only a few minutes. Such a potent system requires strict regulation to avoid host injury. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) is one critical regulator aimed at controlling inadvertent complement activation on host cells and nearly every cell examined expresses MCP on its cell membrane.

composing element

Anchor

RTF636f6d706f73696e67656c65

composingElement

RTF636f6d706f73696e67656c65

composingElement
A distinguishable part of an entity. (i.e. a monomer found in a polymer, a terminal group for a dendrimer)

composition

Anchor

RTF636f6d706f736974696f6e

composition

RTF636f6d706f736974696f6e

composition
The way in which the sample is made, especially in terms of its different parts; its constituents.

core

Anchor

RTF636f7265

core

RTF636f7265

core
The center of an object; indispensable

covalent bond

Anchor

RTF636f76616c656e745f626f6e

covalentBond

RTF636f76616c656e745f626f6e

covalentBond
A physical connection between two atoms or radicals in which a chemical bond is formed by sharing electrons.

critical concentration

Anchor

RTF637269746963616c5f636f6e

criticalConcentration

RTF637269746963616c5f636f6e

criticalConcentration
The concentration of a solute or dispersion above which spontaneous aggregation or precipitation occurs.

culture media

Anchor

RTF63756c747572655f6d656469

cultureMedia

RTF63756c747572655f6d656469

cultureMedia
A liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells.

cytokine induction

Anchor

RTF6379746f6b696e655f696e64

cytokineInduction

RTF6379746f6b696e655f696e64

cytokineInduction
A class of soluble glycoproteins, which act nonenzymatically through specific receptors to regulate immune responses. Cytokines are derived from both immune and non-immune cells and are intercellular mediators that differ from hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands.

cytotoxic activity

Anchor

RTF6379746f746f7869635f6163

cytotoxicActivity

RTF6379746f746f7869635f6163

cytotoxicActivity
The interaction with virus-infected or transformed cells by diverse adhesion or co-stimulatory molecules and release of cytokines, chemokines, and lethal chemicals from granules.

cytotoxicity

Anchor

RTF6379746f746f786963697479

cytotoxicity

RTF6379746f746f786963697479

cytotoxicity
Examines the cell destruction and/or death caused by nanoparticles. It can be dependent upon the nanoparticle itself, the agent and dosage it carries, the target cell type, etc.

DNA

Anchor

RTF444e41

DNA

RTF444e41

DNA
A long linear double-stranded polymer formed from nucleotides attached to a deoxyribose backbone and found in the nucleus of a cell; associated with the transmission of genetic information.

data curator

Anchor

RTF646174615f63757261746f72

dataCurator

RTF646174615f63757261746f72

dataCurator
Signifies a user that submits data

dendrimer

Anchor
dendrimer
dendrimer
A

dendrimer is a

polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are synthesized from monomers and new branches are added in discrete steps to form a tree-like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is achieved through iterative reactions and purification at each step to regulate the size, architecture, functionality and monodispersity of the molecules. These polymers have desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a polyvalent array of surface groups that make them potential drug delivery vesicles.

diagnostic imaging

Anchor

RTF646961676e6f737469635f69

diagnosticImaging

RTF646961676e6f737469635f69

diagnosticImaging
Nanoparticles can be directed to exact regions of the body with agents, such as radioactive isotopes that

display

appear under imaging techniques.

digital object identifier

Anchor

RTF6469676974616c5f6f626a65

digitalObjectIdentifier

RTF6469676974616c5f6f626a65

digitalObjectIdentifier
A unique code used by publishers in the identification and exchange of the content of a digital object, such as a journal article, web document, or other item of intellectual property. The DOI consists of two parts: a prefix assigned to each publisher by the administrative DOI agency and a suffix assigned by the publisher that may be any code the publisher chooses.

dispersed phase

Anchor

RTF6469737065727365645f7068

dispersedPhase

RTF6469737065727365645f7068

dispersedPhase
The substance in an emulsion that is suspended or dispersed within another substance of greater volume.

editorial

Anchor

RTF656469746f7269616c

editorial

RTF656469746f7269616c

editorial
An article in a publication giving the opinion of its editors on a given topic or current event.

electromagnetic radiation

Anchor

RTF656c656374726f6d61676e65

electromagneticRadiation

RTF656c656374726f6d61676e65

electromagneticRadiation
The radiation of energy as transverse waves are produced by moving charges

electrostatic attraction

Anchor

RTF656c656374726f7374617469

electrostaticAttraction

RTF656c656374726f7374617469

electrostaticAttraction
The attraction between dissimilar exposed charges on two or more molecules.

emulsifier

Anchor

RTF656d756c736966696572

emulsifier

RTF656d756c736966696572

emulsifier
A chemical substance that functions to stabilize an emulsion.

emulsion

An emulsion is a

Anchor
emulsion
emulsion
A suspension of liquid within another liquid or a dispersion consisting of two or more liquid phases. In the context of caNanoLab, an emulsion nanoparticle consists of nanoparticles suspended in an emulsifying liquid.

encapsulation

Anchor

RTF656e63617073756c6174696f

encapsulation

RTF656e63617073756c6174696f

encapsulation
The process or condition of being enclosed.

endotoxin

Anchor

RTF656e646f746f78696e

endotoxin

RTF656e646f746f78696e

endotoxin
A test to determine the presence of lipopolysaccharide complexes that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and other leading pathogens.

entrapment

Anchor

RTF656e747261706d656e74

entrapment

RTF656e747261706d656e74

entrapment
A molecular interaction in which a small molecule or structure becomes trapped, usually in a larger molecule or structure, due to non-covalent interactions.

enzyme induction

Anchor

RTF656e7a796d655f696e647563

enzymeInduction

RTF656e7a796d655f696e647563

enzymeInduction
Involves initiation of function of a biological molecule (usually protein, RNA, or DNA) that possesses catalytic activity.

enzymatic cleavage

Anchor

RTF656e7a796d617469635f636c

enzymaticCleavage

RTF656e7a796d617469635f636c

enzymaticCleavage
The breaking of chemical bonds in the sample by an enzyme.

fab

Anchor

RTF666162

fab

RTF666162

fab
Part of an immunoglobulin antibody that binds a specific antigen and consists of both a light chain and part of a heavy chain. By comparison, natural antibodies consist of two heavy and two light chains. An FAB (fragment antibody) offers the advantages of smaller size and lower cross-reactivity compared to the complete antibody.

fluid

Anchor

RTF666c756964

fluid

RTF666c756964

fluid
A continuous amorphous substance that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container (i.e., a liquid or a gas). Also used as an adjective to describe something with properties like that of a fluid.

fluid-gas

Anchor

RTF666c7569642d676173

fluidGas

RTF666c7569642d676173

fluidGas
A fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely.

fluid-liquid

Anchor

RTF666c7569642d6c6971756964

fluidLiquid

RTF666c7569642d6c6971756964

fluidLiquid
A substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.

fluid-vapor

Anchor

RTF666c7569642d7661706f72

fluidVapor

RTF666c7569642d7661706f72

fluidVapor
The gaseous state of matter that is a solid or liquid at normal room temperature.

fluorescence

Anchor

RTF666c756f72657363656e6365

fluorescence

RTF666c756f72657363656e6365

fluorescence
Fluorescence is a luminescence (i.e., optical phenomenon) in cold bodies, in which a molecule absorbs a high-energy photon, and re-emits it as a lower-energy (longer-wavelength) photon. The energy difference between the absorbed and emitted photons ends up as molecular vibrations (heat).

freeze thaw

Anchor

RTF667265657a655f74686177

freezeThaw

RTF667265657a655f74686177

freezeThaw
The act or event which causes the transition from a liquid to solid matter phase, and the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid.

fullerene

Anchor
fullerene

A

fullerene

is one

One of three known pure forms of carbon that exhibits a spherical shape with a hollow interior; named after Buckminster Fuller. The number of carbon atoms comprising fullerenes is variable; several stable spherical carbon structures containing 70 or more atoms have been documented.

full summary

Anchor

RTF66756c6c5f73756d6d617279

fullSummary

RTF66756c6c5f73756d6d617279

fullSummary
Where all the characterizations within the category appear as individual detailed tables in one window.

function

Anchor

RTF66756e6374696f6e

function

RTF66756e6374696f6e

function
The characteristic behavior of a nanoparticle that results from the composition and properties of the entity.

functionalizing entity

Anchor

RTF66756e6374696f6e616c697a

functionalizingEntity

RTF66756e6374696f6e616c697a

functionalizingEntity
Any component of the sample that has been added to a nanoparticle and imparts a function on the sample.

gene expression

Anchor

RTF67656e655f65787072657373

geneExpression

RTF67656e655f65787072657373

geneExpression
Transcription of genetically encoded information into an intermediary message (messenger RNA) and subsequent translation into a functional protein.

generation

Anchor

RTF67656e65726174696f6e

generation

RTF67656e65726174696f6e

generation
The number of polymerization cycles completed in the synthesis of a dendrimer.

GSH homeostasis

Anchor

RTF4753485f686f6d656f737461

GSHhomeostatis

RTF4753485f686f6d656f737461

GSHhomeostatis
A test that measures the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione to determine if oxidative stress is occurring.

hemolysis

Anchor

RTF68656d6f6c79736973

hemolysis

RTF68656d6f6c79736973

hemolysis
Disruption of the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane causing release of hemoglobin.

hydrogen bond

Anchor

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hydrogenBond

RTF687964726f67656e5f626f6e

hydrogenBond
The physical association between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is directly bound to a second, relatively electronegative atom.

IgA

Anchor

RTF496741

IgA

RTF496741

IgA
IgA is the immunoglobulin subclass that is associated with antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. It is secreted as dimers into the mucosa and is the most effective isotype at fixing complement by the alternative pathway, even though it lacks the ability to fix complement by the classical pathway. There are two subtypes in the human - IgA1 and IgA2.

IgD

Anchor

RTF496744

IgD

RTF496744

IgD
An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass). This isotype is expressed on naive B cells along with IgM. Little is known about its physiologic role.

IgE

Anchor

RTF496745

IgE

RTF496745

IgE
An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass). This isotype has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general.

IgG

Anchor

RTF496747

IgG

RTF496747

IgG
An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass) that characterizes secondary immune responses. This isotype is further broken down into several smaller subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 in the mouse; IgG1-4 in the human), and each subclass is differentially synthesized and secreted into the serum upon differential immune stimuli.

IgM

Anchor

RTF49674d

IgM

RTF49674d

IgM
The major immunoglobulin secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.

image contrast agent

Anchor

RTF696d6167655f636f6e747261

imageContrastAgent

RTF696d6167655f636f6e747261

imageContrastAgent
Substances administered during diagnostic procedures that allows delineation of internal structures. Contrast agents appear opaque due to the difference in absorption of X-rays or other electromagnetic waves and surrounding tissue.

imaging

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RTF696d6167696e67

imaging

RTF696d6167696e67

imaging
Nanoparticles can be directed to exact regions of the body with agents, such as radioactive isotopes that

display

appear under imaging techniques.

imaging function

Anchor

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imagingFunction

RTF696d6167696e675f66756e63

imagingFunction
An element that allows the sample to function as an imaging agent.

immune cell function

Anchor

RTF696d6d756e655f63656c6c5f

immuneCellFunction

RTF696d6d756e655f63656c6c5f

immuneCellFunction
A set of laboratory assays that examine the responses of lymphoid or myeloid cells after exposure to an experimental material.

immunotoxicity

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RTF696d6d756e6f746f78696369

immunotoxicity

RTF696d6d756e6f746f78696369

immunotoxicity
Adverse effects to the immune system.

infrared

Anchor

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infrared

RTF696e667261726564

infrared
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 750 nanometers and 1 millimeter, between those of visible light and microwaves. This portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can usually be sensed as heat.

inherent function

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inherentFunction

RTF696e686572656e7466756e63

inherentFunction
This term refers to any functional characteristics that are intrinsic to a composing element of a nanoparticle.

initiator

Anchor

RTF696e69746961746f72

initiator

RTF696e69746961746f72

initiator
A substance that initiates or facilitates the synthesis of a polymer. This substance may or may not reside in the final polymer.

in preparation

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inPreparation

RTF696e5f707265706172617469

inPreparation
Refers to a document that is in draft and has not yet been submitted for publication

in press

Anchor

RTF696e5f7072657373

inPress

RTF696e5f7072657373

inPress
Refers to a document that was accepted but is not yet published

in vitro assay

Anchor

RTF696e5f766974726f5f617373

inVitroAssay

RTF696e5f766974726f5f617373

inVitroAssay
A laboratory test or analysis of the biological activity of a substance performed by studying its effect in an experimental situation outside the organism, e.g. in the test tube rather than in living systems.

in vitro characterization

Anchor

RTF696e766974726f5f63686172

inVitroCharacterization

RTF696e766974726f5f63686172

inVitroCharacterization
The determination of the effect of nanoparticles on living cells in an artificial laboratory environment outside of the living organism.

in vivo assay

Anchor

RTF696e5f7669766f5f61737361

inVivoAssay

RTF696e5f7669766f5f61737361

inVivoAssay
A laboratory test or analysis of the biological properties or activities of a substance performed by testing its effect on an organism.

ionic bond

Anchor

RTF696f6e69635f626f6e64

ionicBond

RTF696f6e69635f626f6e64

ionicBond
Formation of a chemical bond following a transfer of electrons between two ions with opposite charges.

isotype

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isotype

RTF69736f74797065

isotype
The genetic or structural type for the constant region of an antibody.

LC50

Anchor

RTF4c433530

LC50

RTF4c433530

LC50
The concentration of a chemical or biologic preparation that is likely to cause death in 50% of the animals or cells being tested.

leukocycte proliferation

Anchor

RTF6c65756b6f637974655f7072

leukocyteProliferation

RTF6c65756b6f637974655f7072

leukocyteProliferation
The growth and reproduction of white blood cells. Refers to a blood cell that does not contain hemoglobin. White blood cells include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells. These cells are made by bone marrow and help the body fight infection and other diseases.

linkage

Anchor

RTF6c696e6b616765

linkage

RTF6c696e6b616765

linkage
Involves temporary, non-covalent binding of two or more molecules as a result of intermolecular physical forces and often involves spatial complementarity between the interacting objects.

lipid

Anchor

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lipid

RTF6c69706964

lipid
A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides.

liposome

Anchor

RTF6c69706f736f6d65

liposome

RTF6c69706f736f6d65

liposome
Liposomes are substances composed of layers of lipid that form hollow microscopic spheres within which drugs or agents could be contained for enhanced safety and efficacy. Based upon its size measured in nanometer range, a liposome can be categorized as a nanoparticle.

lipid peroxidation

Anchor

RTF6c697069645f7065726f7869

lipidPeroxidation

RTF6c697069645f7065726f7869

lipidPeroxidation
A test that measures the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione to determine if oxidative stress is occurring.

long term storage

Anchor

RTF6c6f6e675f7465726d5f7374

longTermStorage

RTF6c6f6e675f7465726d5f7374

longTermStorage
The act of safekeeping goods in a depository for a long period of time.

lyophilization

Anchor

RTF6c796f7068696c697a617469

lyophilization

RTF6c796f7068696c697a617469

lyophilization
A dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material. The specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum.

MRI

Anchor

RTF4d5249

MRI

RTF4d5249

MRI
Imaging that uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field rather than x-rays to provide amazingly clear and detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. The technique is valuable for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, stroke, and joint and musculoskeletal disorders.

mean

Anchor

RTF6d65616e

mean

RTF6d65616e

mean
The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values in the set.

median

Anchor

RTF6d656469616e

median

RTF6d656469616e

median
The value which has an equal number of values greater and less than it.

metabolic stability

Anchor

RTF6d657461626f6c69635f7374

metabolicStability

RTF6d657461626f6c69635f7374

metabolicStability
A test that examines the integrity of a sample after exposure to different physiological conditions, e.g. Exposure to metabolizing enzymes.

metal particle

Anchor

RTF6d6574616c5f706172746963

metalParticle

RTF6d6574616c5f706172746963

metalParticle
A metal particle is a nanoparticle composed of electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals.

mitochondrial function

Anchor

RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961

mitochondrialFunction

RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961

mitochondrialFunction
A test that examines the functioning of the mitochondria in live cells after exposure to an experimental sample.

mitochondrial membrane potential

Anchor

RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961

mitochondrialMembranePotential

RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961

mitochondrialMembranePotential
A test that examines the electric potential across the membranes of the mitochondria in live cells after exposure to an experimental sample.

modality

Anchor

RTF6d6f64616c697479

modality

RTF6d6f64616c697479

modality
The specific method used for capturing images when the sample is able to function as an image contrast agent.

mode

Anchor

RTF6d6f6465

mode

RTF6d6f6465

mode
The value which occurs most often in a set of values. If no value is repeated, there is no mode. If more than one value occurs with the same greatest frequency, each value is a mode.

modifier

Anchor

RTF6d6f646966696572

modifier

RTF6d6f646966696572

modifier
A chemical that influences the properties of another chemical or biological function.

molecular weight

Anchor

RTF6d6f6c6563756c61725f7765

molecularWeight

RTF6d6f6c6563756c61725f7765

molecularWeight
The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule.

monomer

Anchor

RTF6d6f6e6f6d6572

monomer

RTF6d6f6e6f6d6572

monomer
A chemical subunit that can undergo polymerization by bonding to other subunits.

Mycoplasma

Anchor

RTF6d79636f706c61736d61

mycoplasma

RTF6d79636f706c61736d61

mycoplasma
A test to determine the presence of a genus of nonmotile facultatively anaerobic bacteria that lack a true cell wall, are gram-negative, and require sterol for growth.

NCI

Anchor

RTF4e4349

NCI

RTF4e4349

NCI
National Cancer Institute

NK Cell Cytotoxic Activity

Anchor

RTF6e6b5f63656c6c

NKCellCytotoxicActivity

RTF6e6b5f63656c6c

NKCellCytotoxicActivity
The interaction with virus-infected or transformed cells by diverse adhesion or co-stimulatory molecules and release of cytokines, chemokines, and lethal chemicals from granules.

NMR

Anchor

RTF4e4d52

NMR

RTF4e4d52

NMR
A physical phenomenon involving the interaction of atomic nuclei placed in an external magnetic field with an applied electromagnetic field oscillating at a particular frequency. Magnetic conditions within the material are measured by monitoring the radiation absorbed and emitted by the atomic nuclei. It is the underlying principle of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

nanoparticle

Anchor

RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65

nanoparticle

RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65

nanoparticle
A nanoparticle is defined as a small, stable particle, whose size is measured in nanometers. These particles are used in biomedical applications in which they serve as drug carriers or imaging agents. Various targeting agents, such as antibodies, drugs, imaging agents, and reporters can be attached to the surface of a nanoparticle.

nanomaterial entity

Anchor

RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65

nanomaterialEntity

RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65

nanomaterialEntity
The component of a sample that is a nanoparticle.

nanoparticle sample

Anchor

RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65

nanoparticleSample

RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65

nanoparticleSample
A nanoparticle-containing sample used in experimental studies.

necrosis

Anchor

RTF6e6563726f736973

necrosis

RTF6e6563726f736973

necrosis
The pathologic localized death of living cells, as from infection or interruption of the blood supply, generally associated with severe cellular trauma caused by progressive degradation by enzymes. Characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, and uncontrolled cell lysis, it is unprogrammed death of living tissue and cells.

neutron scattering

Anchor

RTF6e657574726f6e5f73636174

neutronScattering

RTF6e657574726f6e5f73636174

neutronScattering
Radiation of neutrons during radioactive decay.

observed

Anchor

RTF6f62736572766564

observed

RTF6f62736572766564

observed
Ascertained or determined through monitoring or observation.

oxidative burst

Anchor

RTF6f78696461746976655f6275

oxidativeBurst

RTF6f78696461746976655f6275

oxidativeBurst
A process that consists of the rapid release of reactive oxygen species. The process frequently occurs in cells when superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide species are released.

oxidative stress

Anchor

RTF6f78696461746976655f7374

oxidativeStress

RTF6f78696461746976655f7374

oxidativeStress
A disturbance in the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products. The damage to biological tissues is caused by superoxide and other free radicals generated by many factors, including exposure to alcohol, medications, trauma, cold, toxins, and radiation or by antimicrobial cellular immunity, metabolic abnormality, or "normal" aging; not synonymous with hypoxia or hyperoxia.

PDI

Anchor

RTF504449

PDI

RTF504449

PDI
Polydispersity_Index A measure of the distribution of molecular weights in a given polymer sample. The PDI calculated is the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight. It indicates the distribution of individual molecular weights in a population of polymers.

PET

Anchor

RTF504554

PET

RTF504554

PET
A technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radio nuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered.

peer review article

Anchor

RTF706565725f7265766965775f

peerReviewArticle

RTF706565725f7265766965775f

peerReviewArticle
A journal article that was subjected to the scrutiny of experts in the field prior to publication.

peak1

Anchor

RTF7065616b31

peak1

RTF7065616b31

peak1
A peak on a graph. If there are multiple peaks, the most extreme possible amount or value; the highest point.

peptide

Anchor

RTF70657074696465

peptide

RTF70657074696465

peptide
Organic compound composed of amino acids linked together chemically by peptide bonds. The peptide bond always involves a single covalent link between the alpha-carboxyl (oxygen-bearing carbon) of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid.

pH

Anchor

RTF7048

pH

RTF7048

pH
Quantity of dimension one used to express on a scale from 0 to 14 the amount-of-substance concentration of hydrogen ion of dilute aqueous solution, calculated as the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter.

phagocytosis

Anchor

RTF706861676f6379746f736973

phagocytosis

RTF706861676f6379746f736973

phagocytosis
Endocytosis of particulate material, such as microorganisms or cell fragments, into membranous phagosomes that fuse with lysosomes and result in digestion of the ingested material.

pharmacokinetics

Anchor

RTF706861726d61636f6b696e65

pharmacokinetics

RTF706861726d61636f6b696e65

pharmacokinetics
The characteristic movements of drugs within biological systems, as affected by absorption, distribution, binding, elimination, biotransformation, and excretion; particularly the rates of such movements.

physical assay

Anchor

RTF706879736963616c5f617373

physicalAssay

RTF706879736963616c5f617373

physicalAssay
A procedure for evaluating the physical properties of the sample.

physico-chemical characterization

Anchor

RTF706879736963616c5f636861

physicoChemicalCharacterization

RTF706879736963616c5f636861

physicoChemicalCharacterization
The determination of the material, structural and chemical properties of a nanoparticle.

physical state

Anchor

RTF706879736963616c5f737461

physicalState

RTF706879736963616c5f737461

physicalState
The indication that a chemical form is solid, liquid, or gas.

plasma protein binding

Anchor

RTF706c61736d615f70726f7465

plasmaProteinBinding

RTF706c61736d615f70726f7465

plasmaProteinBinding
An assay that measures the interaction of plasma proteins with the nanoparticle sample.

platelet aggregation

Anchor

RTF706c6174656c657461676772

plateletAggregation

RTF706c6174656c657461676772

plateletAggregation
The accumulation and adherence of platelets to form a clot or thrombus. When injury or bleeding occurs, platelets clump together at the site of injury; they expand and adhere to the injured area, thereby acting as a plug to reduce the bleeding. Platelet dysfunction can result in blood clotting and bleeding disorders.

Anchor
RTF38313738303a205461626c65
RTF38313738303a205461626c65
polymer

Anchor

RTF706f6c796d6572

polymer

RTF706f6c796d6572

polymer
A key feature that distinguishes polymers from other molecules is the repetition of a linked series of many identical, similar, or complementary monomers. A polymer nanoparticle is a polymer measured in nanometer range.

probe

Anchor

RTF70726f6265

probe

RTF70726f6265

probe
General term for a piece of DNA or RNA corresponding to a gene or sequence of interest, that has been labeled either radioactively or with some other detectable molecule, such as biotin, digoxygenin or fluorescein. As stretches of DNA or RNA with complementary sequences will (hybridize), a probe will label viral plaques, bacterial colonies or bands on a gel that contain the gene of interest

. On-line Medical Dictionary

.

proceeding

Anchor

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proceeding

RTF70726f63656564696e67

proceeding
An official record of things said or done.

proliferation

Anchor

RTF70726f6c696665726174696f

proliferation

RTF70726f6c696665726174696f

proliferation
Growth and reproduction of new similar forms, e.g. cells, buds, or offspring.

protein

Anchor

RTF70726f7465696e

protein

RTF70726f7465696e

protein
A group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains (linear polymers) of alpha-L-amino acids linked by peptide bonds and ranging in size from a few thousand to over 1 million Daltons. Proteins are fundamental genetically encoded components of living cells with specific structures and functions dictated by amino acid sequence.

published

Anchor

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published

RTF7075626c6973686564

published
Refers to a document that was accepted and published

purity

Anchor

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purity

RTF707572697479

purity
In the context of caNanoLab, refers to the degree of being free of contaminants or heterogeneous components.

quantum dot

Anchor

RTF7175616e74756d5f646f74

quantumDot

RTF7175616e74756d5f646f74

quantumDot
A quantum dot is a nanometer-sized semiconductor particle, made of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating. The semiconductor material used for the core is chosen based upon the emission wavelength range being targeted: CdS for UV-blue, CdSe for the bulk of the visible spectrum, and CdTe for far red and near-infrared. The size of the particle determines the exact color of a given quantum dot. The polymer coating protects cells from cadmium toxicity but also facilitates the attachment of a variety of targeting molecules, including monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-specific biomarkers.

radio labeling

Anchor

RTF726164696f5f6c6162656c69

radioLabeling

RTF726164696f5f6c6162656c69

radioLabeling
A laboratory procedure that results in the incorporation of a radioactive isotope into a molecule of interest.

RMS-size

Anchor

RTF524d532d73697a65

RMSsize

RTF524d532d73697a65

RMSsize
The root mean square size is the square root of the mean value for the squares of the sizes measured for particles in the sample.

Raman spectroscopy

Anchor

RTF52616d616e5f737065637472

RamanSpectroscopy

RTF52616d616e5f737065637472

RamanSpectroscopy
Emission of electromagnetic energy with a shorter frequency (longer wavelength) than that of the incident monochromatic light. Arises from the low probability absorption of quanta with a higher energy than that required for a transition: the difference in energy is emitted as a lower frequency (energy) photon. Allows analysis of vibrational and rotational energy levels using visible incident light.

receptor

Anchor

RTF7265636570746f72

receptor

RTF7265636570746f72

receptor
Cell surface proteins that bind signaling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

relaxivity

Anchor

RTF72656c61786976697479

relaxivity

RTF72656c61786976697479

relaxivity
A measure of the ability of magnetic compounds to increase the relaxation rates of the surrounding water proton spins in nuclear magnetic resonance applications.

relaxivity: R1, R2, T1, T2

Anchor

RTF5231

relaxivityR1

RTF5231

relaxivityR1
R1 = The relaxation rate of the net nuclear spin polarization in the direction of the magnetic field of a spectrometer back to its equilibrium value.
Anchor

RTF5232

relaxivityR2

RTF5232

relaxivityR2
R2 = The relaxation rate of spin polarization in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field of a spectrometer back to zero as precessing spins loose coherence with each other.
Anchor

RTF5431

relaxivityT1

RTF5431

relaxivityT1
T1 = The time it takes for the net nuclear spin in the plane that is parallel to the magnetic field of a spectrometer to return to its equilibrium value.
Anchor

RTF5432

relaxivityT2

RTF5432

relaxivityT2
T2 = The time it takes for the net nuclear spin in the plane that is perpendicular to the magnetic field of a spectrometer to decay to zero.

repeat unit

Anchor

RTF7265706561745f756e6974

repeatUnit

RTF7265706561745f756e6974

repeatUnit
The simplest chemical structure that is identical to all of the other units in a polymer.

report

Anchor

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report

RTF7265706f7274

report
A short textual account; having provided a short account.

researcher

Anchor

RTF72657365617263686572

researcher

RTF72657365617263686572

researcher
Signifies user who has read-only access to both local and remote data

review

Anchor

RTF726576696577

review

RTF726576696577

review
A journal article that summarizes the progress in some particular area or topic during a preceding period.

RNA

Anchor

RTF524e41

RNA

RTF524e41

RNA
A nucleic acid molecule similar to DNA but containing ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA is formed upon a DNA template. There are several classes of RNA molecules. They play crucial roles in protein synthesis and other cell activities.

ROS Generation

Anchor

RTF524f535f67656e6572617469

ROSgeneration

RTF524f535f67656e6572617469

ROSgeneration
An oxygen species that carries an unpaired electron (e.g., the hydroxyl radical and the superoxide anion). These radicals are very powerful oxidizing agents and cause structural damage to proteins and nucleic acids.

SMARTS

Anchor

RTF534d41525453

SMARTS

RTF534d41525453

SMARTS
A linear notation used to specify the substructural patterns in a molecule.

SMILES

Anchor

RTF534d494c4553

SMILES

RTF534d494c4553

SMILES
Specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecular editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models for the molecules.

SPECT

Anchor

RTF5350454354

SPECT

RTF5350454354

SPECT
A type of tomography in which gamma photon-emitting radio nuclides are administered to the patient and then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient. From the series of two-dimensional images produced, a three-dimensional image can be created by computer reconstruction.

safety

Anchor

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safety

RTF736166657479

safety
The state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions.

sample

Anchor

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sample

RTF73616d706c65

sample
A sample is a formulation of a base nanoparticle platform and any additional components that contribute to the function(s) of the nanoparticle. A sample can also be a control used in comparative analysis.

sample characterization

Anchor

RTF73616d706c655f63686172

sampleCharacterization

RTF73616d706c655f63686172

sampleCharacterization
Describing distinctive characteristics or essential features of the sample determined through analytical methods is necessary to record information associated with sample synthesis and properties.

sample composition

Anchor

RTF73616d706c655f636f6d706f

sampleComposition

RTF73616d706c655f636f6d706f

sampleComposition
The elements that make up the experimental sample

sample concentration

Anchor

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sampleConcentration

RTF73616d706c655f636f6e6365

sampleConcentration
The quantity of a specimen per unit volume or weight; a measure of the amount of substance present in a unit amount of mixture, particularly, the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The amounts can be expressed as moles, masses, volumes, or parts.

sample preparation

Anchor

RTF73616d706c655f7072657061

samplePreparation

RTF73616d706c655f7072657061

samplePreparation
The act or process of making a substance ready for further study.

ScFv

Anchor

RTF53634676

ScFv

RTF53634676

ScFv
A genetically engineered antibody consisting of both the variable heavy chain (VH) and the light chain (VL) of an immunoglobulin. These entities are joined together by a flexible peptide linker.

sequence

Anchor

RTF73657175656e6365

sequence

RTF73657175656e6365

sequence
A serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrent pattern."

shape

Anchor

RTF7368617065

shape

RTF7368617065

shape
The spatial arrangement of a nanoparticle as represented in its external surface or outline of specific form or figure.

shell

Anchor

RTF7368656c6c

shell

RTF7368656c6c

shell
A rigid covering that envelops an object.

short term storage

Anchor

RTF73686f72745f7465726d5f73

shortTermStorage

RTF73686f72745f7465726d5f73

shortTermStorage
The act of safekeeping goods in a depository for a short period of time.

size

Anchor

RTF73697a65

size

RTF73697a65

size
The physical magnitude of a nanoparticle.

solid

Anchor

RTF736f6c6964

solid

RTF736f6c6964

solid
The state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shape.{}Ù^

solid-crystal

Anchor

RTF736f6c69642d637279737461

solidCrystal

RTF736f6c69642d637279737461

solidCrystal
A solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure.

solid-fibril

Anchor

RTF736f6c69642d66696272696c

solidFibril

RTF736f6c69642d66696272696c

solidFibril
A small slender fiber or filament.

solid-glass

Anchor

RTF736f6c69642d676c617373

solidGlass

RTF736f6c69642d676c617373

solidGlass
A brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure.

solid-granule

Anchor

RTF736f6c69642d6772616e756c

solidGranule

RTF736f6c69642d6772616e756c

solidGranule
Any small grainlike particle.

solid-powder

Anchor

RTF736f6c69642d706f77646572

solidPowder

RTF736f6c69642d706f77646572

solidPowder
A solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles; a solid that has been pulverized.

solubility

Anchor

RTF736f6c7562696c697479

solubility

RTF736f6c7562696c697479

solubility
In the context of caNanoLab, refers to the ability and then the quantity of a nanoparticle to dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution).

solvent media

Anchor

RTF736f6c76656e745f6d656469

solventMedia

RTF736f6c76656e745f6d656469

solventMedia
A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount.

sonication

Anchor

RTF736f6e69636174696f6e

sonication

RTF736f6e69636174696f6e

sonication
A technique that uses sound energy to agitate or disrupt the components of a sample.

small molecule

Anchor

RTF736d616c6c5f6d6f6c656375

smallMolecule

RTF736d616c6c5f6d6f6c656375

smallMolecule
A molecule with a low molecular weight that is not determined by a genome sequence.

standard deviation

Anchor

RTF7374616e646172645f646576

standardDeviation

RTF7374616e646172645f646576

standardDeviation
A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. Standard deviation is a statistic used as a measure of the dispersion or variation in a distribution, equal to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.

sterility

Anchor

RTF73746572696c697479

sterility

RTF73746572696c697479

sterility
A test to determine if the sample has any microbiological contaminants.

submitted

Anchor

RTF7375626d6974746564

submitted

RTF7375626d6974746564

submitted
Refers to a document that was submitted but has not been accepted as a publication

summary

Anchor

RTF73756d6d617279

summary

RTF73756d6d617279

summary
A view where all the characterizations within the category appear in one table.

surface

Anchor

RTF73757266616365

surface

RTF73757266616365

surface
The extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a nanoparticle.

surface

area AnchorRTF737572666163655f61726561RTF737572666163655f61726561A measurement of the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object.surface

chemistry

Anchor

RTF737572666163655f6368656d

surfaceChemistry

RTF737572666163655f6368656d

surfaceChemistry
The chemical properties of the surface of the sample.

synthesis

Anchor

RTF73796e746865736973

synthesis

RTF73796e746865736973

synthesis
The process of producing a chemical compound, usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds.

targeting

Anchor

RTF746172676574

targeting

RTF746172676574

targeting
Nanoparticles can be designed to target tumors, or other areas of interest.

targeting function

Anchor

RTF746172676574696e675f6675

targetingFunction

RTF746172676574696e675f6675

targetingFunction
An element that allows the sample to function as an targeting agent.

temperature

Anchor

RTF74656d7065726174757265

temperature

RTF74656d7065726174757265

temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of a system of particles. Temperature may be quantified, in the context of thermodynamics, as the potential of one system to transfer thermal energy to another system until both systems reach a state of thermal equilibrium.

terminal group

Anchor

RTF7465726d696e616c5f67726f

terminalGroup

RTF7465726d696e616c5f67726f

terminalGroup
A chemical structure found at the ends or on the surface of a larger molecule or chemical entity.

therapeutic function

Anchor

RTF7468657261706575746963

therapeuticFunction

RTF7468657261706575746963

therapeuticFunction
The use of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications in a clinical setting.
This method entails the attachment of a drug to the surface of nanoparticles. The role of the nanoparticle is to facilitate delivery of the drug to a cellular target that it would not reach in its free form.

therapeutic

function

function2

Anchor

RTF74686572617065757469635f

therapeuticFunction2

RTF74686572617065757469635f

therapeuticFunction2
An element that allows the sample to function as an therapeutic agent.

toxicity

Anchor

RTF746f786963697479

toxicity

RTF746f786963697479

toxicity
The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.

transfection

Anchor

RTF7472616e7366656374696f6e

transfection

RTF7472616e7366656374696f6e

transfection
A permanently established cell culture that will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space.

toxicology

Anchor

RTF746f7869636f6c6f6779

toxicology

RTF746f7869636f6c6f6779

toxicology
The branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons.

type

Anchor

RTF74797065

type

RTF74797065

type
The indication that a whole antibody or an antibody fragment is a component of the sample.

ultrasound

Anchor

RTF756c747261736f756e64

ultrasound

RTF756c747261736f756e64

ultrasound
Very high frequency sound

ultraviolet

Anchor

RTF756c74726176696f6c6574

ultraviolet

RTF756c74726176696f6c6574

ultraviolet
The invisible ultraviolet spectrum makes up one specific portion of sunlight. This unique portion accounts for three percent of all solar radiation reaching the earth. UV radiation causes many health problems.

units of measurement

Anchor

RTF25

percent

RTF25

percent
% = percent
Anchor

RTF256d6f6c65

percentMole

RTF256d6f6c65

percentMole
%mole = percent of total moles
Anchor

RTF25766f6c

percentVol

RTF25766f6c

percentVol
%vol = percent of total volume
Anchor

RTF2577742f766f6c

percentWtVol

RTF2577742f766f6c

percentWtVol
%wt/vol = percent weight per volume
Anchor

RTF612e752e

atomicUnits

RTF612e752e

atomicUnits
a.u. = atomic units
Anchor

RTF6143

aC

RTF6143

aC
aC = attocoulomb
Anchor

RTF4168

Ah

RTF4168

Ah
Ah = ampere hour
Anchor

RTF43

C

RTF43

C
C = coulomb
Anchor

RTF657375

esu

RTF657375

esu
esu = electrostatic unit of charge
Anchor

RTF72

r

RTF72

r
r = Franklin
Anchor

RTF67

g

RTF67

g
g = gram
Anchor

RTF672f6d6c

gMl

RTF672f6d6c

gMl
g/ml = grams per milliliter
Anchor

RTF6b4461

kDa

RTF6b4461

kDa
kDa = kiloDaltons
Anchor

RTF6d67

mg

RTF6d67

mg
mg = milligram
Anchor

RTF6d672f6d6c

mgMl

RTF6d672f6d6c

mgMl
mg/ml = milligrams per milliliter
Anchor

RTF6d56

mV

RTF6d56

mV
mV = millivolt
Anchor

RTF6e6d

nm

RTF6e6d

nm
nm = nanometer
Anchor

RTF6d5e32

nm2

RTF6d5e32

nm2
nm^2 = square nanometer
Anchor

RTF7374617443

statC

RTF7374617443

statC
statC = statcoulomb
ug = microgram
Anchor

RTF75672f6d6c

ugMl

RTF75672f6d6c

ugMl
ug/ml = micrograms per millilieter
Anchor

RTF75672f756c

ugUl

RTF75672f756c

ugUl
ug/ul = micrograms per microliter
Anchor

RTF756c

ul

RTF756c

ul
ul = microliter

van der Waals attraction

Anchor

RTF76616e5f6465725f5761616c

vanDerWaalsAttraction

RTF76616e5f6465725f5761616c

vanDerWaalsAttraction
The weak attraction between two or more chemical entities that is caused by the polarization of adjacent atoms or molecules.

visibility

Anchor

RTF7669736962696c697479

visibility

RTF7669736962696c697479

visibility
The access to objects granted to logged in users.

whole

Anchor

RTF77686f6c65

whole

RTF77686f6c65

whole
Including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete. In the context of caNanoLab, this term represents the use of a complete antibody molecule.

x-ray

Anchor

RTF782d726179

xray

RTF782d726179

xray
Gamma rays and X-rays are similar forms of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays are distinguished from X rays by their origin. Gamma rays are produced by nuclear transitions while X-rays are produced by energy transitions due to accelerating electrons. Because it is possible for some electron transitions to be of higher energy than nuclear transition, there is an overlap between low energy gamma rays and high energy X-rays. Gamma rays are considered to be electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of 1 nanometer or shorter while x-rays are between approximately.01 nanometers and 200 nanometers.

Z-average

Anchor

RTF5a2d61766572616765

Zaverage

RTF5a2d61766572616765

Zaverage
A parameter used for calculations involving mechanical properties. The parameter is measured by using dynamic light scattering to obtain the intensity weighted mean hydrodynamic size of a collection of particles.

Z-score

Anchor

RTF5a2d73636f7265

Zscore

RTF5a2d73636f7265

Zscore
A measurement that indicates how far and in what direction an item deviates from its distribution's mean, expressed in units of its distribution's standard deviation.

zeta potential

Anchor

RTF7a6574615f706f74656e7469

zetaPotential

RTF7a6574615f706f74656e7469

zetaPotential
The magnitude of the electrical potential as generated by ion accumulation at the particulate surface. This surface consists of two layers, the Stern layer and the diffuse layer, which comprise an electrical double-layer. The measurement of the electrical potential provides important information regarding the dispersion mechanism, the degree of particle dispersion and the electrostatic potential of the sample.

  • Glossary of caNanoLab terms
 

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