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Term

Definition

% of control

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RTF70657263656e745f636f6e74perCentControlRTF70657263656e745f636f6e74
perCentControl
The ratio of assay signal in the sample treated with the experimental agent to that of samples treated with the control. This ratio is expressed as a part per 100.

% purity for sample

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RTF7075726974795f73616d706cperCentPurityRTF7075726974795f73616d706c
perCentPurity
The percentage of the assayed material that is comprised of the sample of interest.

2D-circle

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RTF32442d636972636c652DcircleRTF32442d636972636c65
2Dcircle
A ring-shaped structure with every point equidistant from the center.

2D-diamond

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RTF32442d6469616d6f6e642DdiamondRTF32442d6469616d6f6e64
2Ddiamond
The shape has four distinct sides making a parallelogram with two inner obtuse angles and two inner acute angles.

2D-ellipse

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RTF32442d656c6c697073652DellipseRTF32442d656c6c69707365
2Dellipse
A closed plane curve resulting from the intersection of a circular cone and a plane cutting completely through it, especially a plane not parallel to the base.

2D-parallelogram

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RTF32442d706172616c6c656c6f2DparallelogramRTF32442d706172616c6c656c6f
2Dparallelogram
A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both parallel and equal in length.

2D-polygon

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RTF32442d706f6c79676f6e2DpolygonRTF32442d706f6c79676f6e
2Dpolygon
A closed plane figure bounded by straight sides.

2D-rectangle

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RTF32442d72656374616e676c652DrectangleRTF32442d72656374616e676c65
2Drectangle
A parallelogram with four right angles. A square is a special rectangle with four equal sides.

2D-square

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RTF32442d7371756172652DsquareRTF32442d737175617265
2Dsquare
A plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles; a four-sided regular polygon.

2D-trapezoid

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RTF32442d74726170657a6f69642DtrapezoidRTF32442d74726170657a6f6964
2Dtrapezoid
A four-sided polygon with only two parallel sides.

2D-triangle

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RTF32442d747269616e676c652DtriangleRTF32442d747269616e676c65
2Dtriangle
A three-sided polygon.

3D-cone

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RTF33442d636f6e653DconeRTF33442d636f6e65
3Dcone
A shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point.

3D-cube

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RTF33442d637562653DcubeRTF33442d63756265
3Dcube
An object that is comprised of six regular, solid, congruent square faces and has three equal axes at right angles to each other.

3D-cylinder

Anchor
RTF33442d63796c696e6465723DcylinderRTF33442d63796c696e646572
3Dcylinder
A surface formed by circles of a given radius that are contained in a plane perpendicular to a given axis, whose centers align on the axis.

3D-disc

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RTF33442d646973633DdiscRTF33442d64697363
3Ddisc
A flat circular plate or anything with a similar shape.

3D-fibril

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RTF33442d66696272696c3DfibrilRTF33442d66696272696c
3Dfibril
A small slender fiber or filament

3D-hexadron

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RTF33442d6865786164726f6e3DhexadronRTF33442d6865786164726f6e
3Dhexadron
Any polyhedron having six plane faces.

3D-needle

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RTF33442d6e6565646c653DneedleRTF33442d6e6565646c65
3Dneedle
The geometry of an object that resembles a needle, meaning that it has a long slender cylindrical shape.

3D-oblate spheroid

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RTF33442d6f626c6174657370683DoblateSpheroidRTF33442d6f626c617465737068
3DoblateSpheroid
The geometry of an object that is shaped like a spheroid compressed at the poles.

3D-polyhedron

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RTF33442d706f6c79686564726f3DpolyhedronRTF33442d706f6c79686564726f
3Dpolyhedron
A solid figure bounded by plane polygons or faces.

3D-prolate spheroid

Anchor
RTF33442d70726f6c61746573703DprolateSpheroidRTF33442d70726f6c6174657370
3DprolateSpheroid
A spherical shape that has a polar diameter that is longer than its equatorial diameter.

3D-rod

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RTF33442d726f643DrodRTF33442d726f64
3Drod
An object resembling a slender bar.

3D-sphere

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RTF33442d7370686572653DsphereRTF33442d737068657265
3Dsphere
A solid or hollow three-dimensional object bounded by a closed surface such that every point on the surface is equidistant from the center.

3D-tetrahedron

Anchor
RTF33442d7465747261686564723DtetrahedronRTF33442d746574726168656472
3Dtetrahedron
The geometry of an object which is comprised of a polyhedron containing four faces.

3D-tetrapod

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RTF33442d7465747261706f643DtetrapodRTF33442d7465747261706f64
3Dtetrapod
The geometry of an object that consists of four rods in a tetrahedral arrangement.

activation effect

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RTF61637469766174696f6e5f65activationEffectRTF61637469766174696f6e5f65
activationEffect
The result of having the sample undergo the process of activation. (i.e. cleavage of a bond, release from quenching or encapsulation)

activation method

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RTF61637469766174696f6e5f6dactivationMethodRTF61637469766174696f6e5f6d
activationMethod
The process that allows the sample to realize its intended functionality.

agent

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RTF6167656e74agentRTF6167656e74
agent
An active power or cause (as principle, substance, physical or biological factor, etc.) that produces a specific effect.

animal study

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RTF616e696d616c5f7374756479animalStudyRTF616e696d616c5f7374756479
animalStudy
An animal that is amenable to experimentation and whose physiological or pathologic mechanisms are sufficiently similar to those of a human for the animal to serve as a model.

antibody

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RTF616e7469626f6479antibodyRTF616e7469626f6479
antibody
A type of protein made by B-lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.

antigen

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RTF616e746967656eantigenRTF616e746967656e
antigen
Any substance, generally a protein that stimulates the immune system and elicits an immune response. Recognition by the immune system elicits either a T-lymphocyte response, recognizing processed antigens, or a B-lymphocyte response, producing antibodies that bind to unprocessed antigens.

apoptosis

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RTF61706f70746f736973apoptosisRTF61706f70746f736973
apoptosis
An active process of selective destruction of differentiated cells in multicellular organisms, apoptosis is one of two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being necrosis, a pathological process). Important in ontogenesis, tumorigenesis, tissue turnover, lymphocyte selection and function, hormone-induced atrophy, etc., it serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. Apoptosis is responsible for physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites and endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites.

aspect ratio

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RTF6173706563745f726174696faspectRatioRTF6173706563745f726174696f
aspectRatio
The ratio between the longest and shortest dimension of an object.

associated element

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RTF6173736f6369617465645f65associatedElementRTF6173736f6369617465645f65
associatedElement
An entity in the sample that is chemically associated with another entity in the sample.

attachment

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RTF6174746163686d656e74attachmentRTF6174746163686d656e74
attachment
The act of affixing one thing to another.

average diameter

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RTF617665726167655f6469616daverageDiameterRTF617665726167655f6469616d
averageDiameter
The mean diameter of the fullerene component of a sample.

bacterial/yeast/mold

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RTF62616374657269616cbacterialYeastMoldRTF62616374657269616c
bacterialYeastMold
A test to determine if the sample has been contaminated by bacteria, yeast, or mold.

bioluminescence

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RTF62696f6c756d696e65736365bioluminescenceRTF62696f6c756d696e65736365
bioluminescence
The emission of light in an organism through a physiological process or in an experimental system that mimics the physiological conditions.

biopolymer

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RTF62696f706f6c796d6572biopolymerRTF62696f706f6c796d6572
biopolymer
A type of polymer produced by living organisms. See also polymer. In the context of caNanoLab, a biopolymer can be either a nanomaterial entity or a functionalizing entity.

blood contact

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RTF626c6f6f645f636f6e746163bloodContactRTF626c6f6f645f636f6e746163
bloodContact
Assays that examine how the sample interacts with whole blood, blood-borne molecular components, platelets or red blood cells.

book chapter

Anchor
RTF626f6f6b5f63686170746572bookChapterRTF626f6f6b5f63686170746572
bookChapter
One of the main sections into which the text of a book is divided.

boolean

Anchor
RTF626f6f6c65616ebooleanRTF626f6f6c65616e
boolean
The type of an expression with two possible values, "true" and "false". Also, a variable of Boolean type or a function with Boolean arguments or result. The most common Boolean functions are AND, OR and NOT.

branch

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RTF6272616e6368branchRTF6272616e6368
branch
An oligomeric or polymeric construct that extends from the parent macromolecule.

bulk phase

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RTF62756c6b5f7068617365bulkPhaseRTF62756c6b5f7068617365
bulkPhase
The substance in an emulsion that usually makes up the largest portion of the emulsion and contains another substance suspended within.

CFU_GM

Anchor
RTF6366755f676d
RTF6366755f676d
A functional (qualitative) as well as quantitative assay that is utilized as an indicator of granulopoiesis reconstitution.

carbon nanotube

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RTF636172626f6e5f6e616e6f74
RTF636172626f6e5f6e616e6f74
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are fullerene-like nanostructures that consist of graphene cylinders. The ends of the construct are closed with pentagonal-shaped rings.

caspase 3 apoptosis

Anchor
RTF63617370617365335f61706f
RTF63617370617365335f61706f
The ratio of assay signal in the sample treated with the experimental agent to that of samples treated with the control. This ratio is expressed as a part per 100.

cell binding/internalization

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RTF63656c6c5f62696e64696e67
RTF63656c6c5f62696e64696e67
Test that examines the ability of a sample to bind to or be internalized by cells.

cell death method

Anchor
RTF63656c6c5f64656174685f6d
RTF63656c6c5f64656174685f6d
The indication of how the cells died in a cytotoxicity experiment (necrosis or apoptosis).

cell line

Anchor
RTF63656c6c5f6c696e65
RTF63656c6c5f6c696e65
A permanently established cell culture that will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space.

cell viability

Anchor
RTF63656c6c5f76696162696c69
RTF63656c6c5f76696162696c69
A cellular process that directly affects the ability of a cell to proliferate, grow, divide, or repair damaged cell components. (NCI)

centrifugation

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RTF63656e747269667567617469
RTF63656e747269667567617469
Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects.

characterization

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RTF63686172
RTF63686172
A series of analytical methods that provide information about nanoscale entities such as composition, structure and defects. This information is critical for nanoparticle preparation, the study of properties, use, and reproducibility of the material.

charge

The quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons.

chemical association

Anchor
RTF6368656d6963616c5f617373
RTF6368656d6963616c5f617373
Any process of combining chemical entities that is dependent upon chemical forces.

charge

Anchor
RTF636861726765
RTF636861726765
The quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons.

chemotaxis

Anchor
RTF6368656d6f7461786973
RTF6368656d6f7461786973
The characteristic directional movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus.

chirality

Anchor
RTF63686972616c697479
RTF63686972616c697479
A measure of the degree of geometrical symmetry in the structure of the nanotube. The resultant symmetry is quantified based upon the on the material properties of the construct.

clinical trials

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RTF636c696e5f747269616c73
RTF636c696e5f747269616c73
Research conducted with human subjects or on material of human origin in which an investigator directly interacts with human subjects; includes development of new technologies, study of mechanisms of human diseases, therapy, clinical trials, epidemiologic, behavior, and health services research.

coagulation

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RTF636f6167756c6174696f6e
RTF636f6167756c6174696f6e
The clotting of blood.

coat

Anchor
RTF636f6174
RTF636f6174
A thin outer layer or film covering something.

colloid

Anchor
RTF636f6c6c6f6964
RTF636f6c6c6f6964
A mixture of microscopic particles suspended in some sort of liquid medium.

colloid-emulsion

Anchor
RTF636f6c6c6f69642d656d756c
RTF636f6c6c6f69642d656d756c
A suspension of liquid within another liquid or a dispersion consisting of two or more liquid phases.

colloid-gel

Anchor
RTF636f6c6c6f69642d67656c
RTF636f6c6c6f69642d67656c
Jelly like material formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid.

colloid-sol

Anchor
RTF636f6c6c6f69642d736f6c
RTF636f6c6c6f69642d736f6c
A colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid.

complement activation

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RTF636f6d706c656d656e745f61
RTF636f6d706c656d656e745f61
The complement system consists of more than 30 proteins engaged in host defense. It provides both an independent immune system capable of attacking microbes as well as other foreign material and an adjunct to the antibody system. Once activated, the complement system fires in a cascade-like fashion in which one component activates the next. Both swift and powerful, millions of complement components can deposit on an invading microbe within only a few minutes. Such a potent system requires strict regulation to avoid host injury. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) is one critical regulator aimed at controlling inadvertent complement activation on host cells and nearly every cell examined expresses MCP on its cell membrane.

composing element

Anchor
RTF636f6d706f73696e67656c65
RTF636f6d706f73696e67656c65
A distinguishable part of an entity. (i.e. a monomer found in a polymer, a terminal group for a dendrimer)

composition

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RTF636f6d706f736974696f6e
RTF636f6d706f736974696f6e
The way in which the sample is made, especially in terms of its different parts; its constituents.

core

Anchor
RTF636f7265
RTF636f7265
The center of an object; indispensable

covalent bond

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RTF636f76616c656e745f626f6e
RTF636f76616c656e745f626f6e
A physical connection between two atoms or radicals in which a chemical bond is formed by sharing electrons.

critical concentration

Anchor
RTF637269746963616c5f636f6e
RTF637269746963616c5f636f6e
The concentration of a solute or dispersion above which spontaneous aggregation or precipitation occurs.

culture media

Anchor
RTF63756c747572655f6d656469
RTF63756c747572655f6d656469
A liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells.

cytokine induction

Anchor
RTF6379746f6b696e655f696e64
RTF6379746f6b696e655f696e64
A class of soluble glycoproteins, which act nonenzymatically through specific receptors to regulate immune responses. Cytokines are derived from both immune and non-immune cells and are intercellular mediators that differ from hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands.

cytotoxic activity

Anchor
RTF6379746f746f7869635f6163
RTF6379746f746f7869635f6163
The interaction with virus-infected or transformed cells by diverse adhesion or co-stimulatory molecules and release of cytokines, chemokines, and lethal chemicals from granules.

cytotoxicity

Anchor
RTF6379746f746f786963697479
RTF6379746f746f786963697479
Examines the cell destruction and/or death caused by nanoparticles. It can be dependent upon the nanoparticle itself, the agent and dosage it carries, the target cell type, etc.

DNA

Anchor
RTF444e41
RTF444e41
A long linear double-stranded polymer formed from nucleotides attached to a deoxyribose backbone and found in the nucleus of a cell; associated with the transmission of genetic information.

data curator

Anchor
RTF646174615f63757261746f72
RTF646174615f63757261746f72
Signifies a user that submits data

dendrimer

A dendrimer is a polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are synthesized from monomers and new branches are added in discrete steps to form a tree-like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is achieved through iterative reactions and purification at each step to regulate the size, architecture, functionality and monodispersity of the molecules. These polymers have desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a polyvalent array of surface groups that make them potential drug delivery vesicles.

diagnostic imaging

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RTF646961676e6f737469635f69
RTF646961676e6f737469635f69
Nanoparticles can be directed to exact regions of the body with agents, such as radioactive isotopes that display under imaging techniques.

digital object identifier

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RTF6469676974616c5f6f626a65
RTF6469676974616c5f6f626a65
A unique code used by publishers in the identification and exchange of the content of a digital object, such as a journal article, web document, or other item of intellectual property. The DOI consists of two parts: a prefix assigned to each publisher by the administrative DOI agency and a suffix assigned by the publisher that may be any code the publisher chooses.

dispersed phase

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RTF6469737065727365645f7068
RTF6469737065727365645f7068
The substance in an emulsion that is suspended or dispersed within another substance of greater volume.

editorial

Anchor
RTF656469746f7269616c
RTF656469746f7269616c
An article in a publication giving the opinion of its editors on a given topic or current event.

electromagnetic radiation

Anchor
RTF656c656374726f6d61676e65
RTF656c656374726f6d61676e65
The radiation of energy as transverse waves are produced by moving charges

electrostatic attraction

Anchor
RTF656c656374726f7374617469
RTF656c656374726f7374617469
The attraction between dissimilar exposed charges on two or more molecules.

emulsifier

Anchor
RTF656d756c736966696572
RTF656d756c736966696572
A chemical substance that functions to stabilize an emulsion.

emulsion

An emulsion is a suspension of liquid within another liquid or a dispersion consisting of two or more liquid phases. In the context of caNanoLab, an emulsion nanoparticle consists of nanoparticles suspended in an emulsifying liquid.

encapsulation

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RTF656e63617073756c6174696f
RTF656e63617073756c6174696f
The process or condition of being enclosed.

endotoxin

Anchor
RTF656e646f746f78696e
RTF656e646f746f78696e
A test to determine the presence of lipopolysaccharide complexes that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and other leading pathogens.

entrapment

Anchor
RTF656e747261706d656e74
RTF656e747261706d656e74
A molecular interaction in which a small molecule or structure becomes trapped, usually in a larger molecule or structure, due to non-covalent interactions.

enzyme induction

Anchor
RTF656e7a796d655f696e647563
RTF656e7a796d655f696e647563
Involves initiation of function of a biological molecule (usually protein, RNA, or DNA) that possesses catalytic activity.

enzymatic cleavage

Anchor
RTF656e7a796d617469635f636c
RTF656e7a796d617469635f636c
The breaking of chemical bonds in the sample by an enzyme.

fab

Anchor
RTF666162
RTF666162
Part of an immunoglobulin antibody that binds a specific antigen and consists of both a light chain and part of a heavy chain. By comparison, natural antibodies consist of two heavy and two light chains. An FAB (fragment antibody) offers the advantages of smaller size and lower cross-reactivity compared to the complete antibody.

fluid

Anchor
RTF666c756964
RTF666c756964
A continuous amorphous substance that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container (i.e., a liquid or a gas). Also used as an adjective to describe something with properties like that of a fluid.

fluid-gas

Anchor
RTF666c7569642d676173
RTF666c7569642d676173
A fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely.

fluid-liquid

Anchor
RTF666c7569642d6c6971756964
RTF666c7569642d6c6971756964
A substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.

fluid-vapor

Anchor
RTF666c7569642d7661706f72
RTF666c7569642d7661706f72
The gaseous state of matter that is a solid or liquid at normal room temperature.

fluorescence

Anchor
RTF666c756f72657363656e6365
RTF666c756f72657363656e6365
Fluorescence is a luminescence (i.e., optical phenomenon) in cold bodies, in which a molecule absorbs a high-energy photon, and re-emits it as a lower-energy (longer-wavelength) photon. The energy difference between the absorbed and emitted photons ends up as molecular vibrations (heat).

freeze thaw

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RTF667265657a655f74686177
RTF667265657a655f74686177
The act or event which causes the transition from a liquid to solid matter phase, and the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid.

fullerene

A fullerene is one of three known pure forms of carbon that exhibits a spherical shape with a hollow interior; named after Buckminster Fuller. The number of carbon atoms comprising fullerenes is variable; several stable spherical carbon structures containing 70 or more atoms have been documented.

full summary

Anchor
RTF66756c6c5f73756d6d617279
RTF66756c6c5f73756d6d617279
Where all the characterizations within the category appear as individual detailed tables in one window.

function

Anchor
RTF66756e6374696f6e
RTF66756e6374696f6e
The characteristic behavior of a nanoparticle that results from the composition and properties of the entity.

functionalizing entity

Anchor
RTF66756e6374696f6e616c697a
RTF66756e6374696f6e616c697a
Any component of the sample that has been added to a nanoparticle and imparts a function on the sample.

gene expression

Anchor
RTF67656e655f65787072657373
RTF67656e655f65787072657373
Transcription of genetically encoded information into an intermediary message (messenger RNA) and subsequent translation into a functional protein.

generation

Anchor
RTF67656e65726174696f6e
RTF67656e65726174696f6e
The number of polymerization cycles completed in the synthesis of a dendrimer.

GSH homeostasis

Anchor
RTF4753485f686f6d656f737461
RTF4753485f686f6d656f737461
A test that measures the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione to determine if oxidative stress is occurring.

hemolysis

Anchor
RTF68656d6f6c79736973
RTF68656d6f6c79736973
Disruption of the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane causing release of hemoglobin.

hydrogen bond

Anchor
RTF687964726f67656e5f626f6e
RTF687964726f67656e5f626f6e
The physical association between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is directly bound to a second, relatively electronegative atom.

IgA

Anchor
RTF496741
RTF496741
IgA is the immunoglobulin subclass that is associated with antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. It is secreted as dimers into the mucosa and is the most effective isotype at fixing complement by the alternative pathway, even though it lacks the ability to fix complement by the classical pathway. There are two subtypes in the human - IgA1 and IgA2.

IgD

Anchor
RTF496744
RTF496744
An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass). This isotype is expressed on naive B cells along with IgM. Little is known about its physiologic role.

IgE

Anchor
RTF496745
RTF496745
An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass). This isotype has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general.

IgG

Anchor
RTF496747
RTF496747
An immunoglobulin isotype (subclass) that characterizes secondary immune responses. This isotype is further broken down into several smaller subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 in the mouse; IgG1-4 in the human), and each subclass is differentially synthesized and secreted into the serum upon differential immune stimuli.

IgM

Anchor
RTF49674d
RTF49674d
The major immunoglobulin secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.

image contrast agent

Anchor
RTF696d6167655f636f6e747261
RTF696d6167655f636f6e747261
Substances administered during diagnostic procedures that allows delineation of internal structures. Contrast agents appear opaque due to the difference in absorption of X-rays or other electromagnetic waves and surrounding tissue.

imaging

Anchor
RTF696d6167696e67
RTF696d6167696e67
Nanoparticles can be directed to exact regions of the body with agents, such as radioactive isotopes that display under imaging techniques.

imaging function

Anchor
RTF696d6167696e675f66756e63
RTF696d6167696e675f66756e63
An element that allows the sample to function as an imaging agent.

immune cell function

Anchor
RTF696d6d756e655f63656c6c5f
RTF696d6d756e655f63656c6c5f
A set of laboratory assays that examine the responses of lymphoid or myeloid cells after exposure to an experimental material.

immunotoxicity

Anchor
RTF696d6d756e6f746f78696369
RTF696d6d756e6f746f78696369
Adverse effects to the immune system.

infrared

Anchor
RTF696e667261726564
RTF696e667261726564
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 750 nanometers and 1 millimeter, between those of visible light and microwaves. This portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can usually be sensed as heat.

inherent function

Anchor
RTF696e686572656e7466756e63
RTF696e686572656e7466756e63
This term refers to any functional characteristics that are intrinsic to a composing element of a nanoparticle.

initiator

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RTF696e69746961746f72
RTF696e69746961746f72
A substance that initiates or facilitates the synthesis of a polymer. This substance may or may not reside in the final polymer.

in preparation

Anchor
RTF696e5f707265706172617469
RTF696e5f707265706172617469
Refers to a document that is in draft and has not yet been submitted for publication

in press

Anchor
RTF696e5f7072657373
RTF696e5f7072657373
Refers to a document that was accepted but is not yet published

in vitro assay

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RTF696e5f766974726f5f617373
RTF696e5f766974726f5f617373
A laboratory test or analysis of the biological activity of a substance performed by studying its effect in an experimental situation outside the organism, e.g. in the test tube rather than in living systems.

in vitro characterization

Anchor
RTF696e766974726f5f63686172
RTF696e766974726f5f63686172
The determination of the effect of nanoparticles on living cells in an artificial laboratory environment outside of the living organism.

in vivo assay

Anchor
RTF696e5f7669766f5f61737361
RTF696e5f7669766f5f61737361
A laboratory test or analysis of the biological properties or activities of a substance performed by testing its effect on an organism.

ionic bond

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RTF696f6e69635f626f6e64
RTF696f6e69635f626f6e64
Formation of a chemical bond following a transfer of electrons between two ions with opposite charges.

isotype

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RTF69736f74797065
RTF69736f74797065
The genetic or structural type for the constant region of an antibody.

LC50

Anchor
RTF4c433530
RTF4c433530
The concentration of a chemical or biologic preparation that is likely to cause death in 50% of the animals or cells being tested.

leukocycte proliferation

Anchor
RTF6c65756b6f637974655f7072
RTF6c65756b6f637974655f7072
The growth and reproduction of white blood cells. Refers to a blood cell that does not contain hemoglobin. White blood cells include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells. These cells are made by bone marrow and help the body fight infection and other diseases.

linkage

Anchor
RTF6c696e6b616765
RTF6c696e6b616765
Involves temporary, non-covalent binding of two or more molecules as a result of intermolecular physical forces and often involves spatial complementarity between the interacting objects.

lipid

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RTF6c69706964
RTF6c69706964
A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides.

liposome

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RTF6c69706f736f6d65
RTF6c69706f736f6d65
Liposomes are substances composed of layers of lipid that form hollow microscopic spheres within which drugs or agents could be contained for enhanced safety and efficacy. Based upon its size measured in nanometer range, a liposome can be categorized as a nanoparticle.

lipid peroxidation

Anchor
RTF6c697069645f7065726f7869
RTF6c697069645f7065726f7869
A test that measures the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione to determine if oxidative stress is occurring.

long term storage

Anchor
RTF6c6f6e675f7465726d5f7374
RTF6c6f6e675f7465726d5f7374
The act of safekeeping goods in a depository for a long period of time.

lyophilization

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RTF6c796f7068696c697a617469
RTF6c796f7068696c697a617469
A dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material. The specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum.

MRI

Anchor
RTF4d5249
RTF4d5249
Imaging that uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field rather than x-rays to provide amazingly clear and detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. The technique is valuable for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, stroke, and joint and musculoskeletal disorders.

mean

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RTF6d65616e
RTF6d65616e
The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values in the set.

median

Anchor
RTF6d656469616e
RTF6d656469616e
The value which has an equal number of values greater and less than it.

metabolic stability

Anchor
RTF6d657461626f6c69635f7374
RTF6d657461626f6c69635f7374
A test that examines the integrity of a sample after exposure to different physiological conditions, e.g. Exposure to metabolizing enzymes.

metal particle

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RTF6d6574616c5f706172746963
RTF6d6574616c5f706172746963
A metal particle is a nanoparticle composed of electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals.

mitochondrial function

Anchor
RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961
RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961
A test that examines the functioning of the mitochondria in live cells after exposure to an experimental sample.

mitochondrial membrane potential

Anchor
RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961
RTF6d69746f63686f6e64726961
A test that examines the electric potential across the membranes of the mitochondria in live cells after exposure to an experimental sample.

modality

Anchor
RTF6d6f64616c697479
RTF6d6f64616c697479
The specific method used for capturing images when the sample is able to function as an image contrast agent.

mode

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RTF6d6f6465
RTF6d6f6465
The value which occurs most often in a set of values. If no value is repeated, there is no mode. If more than one value occurs with the same greatest frequency, each value is a mode.

modifier

Anchor
RTF6d6f646966696572
RTF6d6f646966696572
A chemical that influences the properties of another chemical or biological function.

molecular weight

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RTF6d6f6c6563756c61725f7765
RTF6d6f6c6563756c61725f7765
The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule.

monomer

Anchor
RTF6d6f6e6f6d6572
RTF6d6f6e6f6d6572
A chemical subunit that can undergo polymerization by bonding to other subunits.

Mycoplasma

Anchor
RTF6d79636f706c61736d61
RTF6d79636f706c61736d61
A test to determine the presence of a genus of nonmotile facultatively anaerobic bacteria that lack a true cell wall, are gram-negative, and require sterol for growth.

NCI

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RTF4e4349
RTF4e4349
National Cancer Institute

NK Cell Cytotoxic Activity

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RTF6e6b5f63656c6c
RTF6e6b5f63656c6c
The interaction with virus-infected or transformed cells by diverse adhesion or co-stimulatory molecules and release of cytokines, chemokines, and lethal chemicals from granules.

NMR

Anchor
RTF4e4d52
RTF4e4d52
A physical phenomenon involving the interaction of atomic nuclei placed in an external magnetic field with an applied electromagnetic field oscillating at a particular frequency. Magnetic conditions within the material are measured by monitoring the radiation absorbed and emitted by the atomic nuclei. It is the underlying principle of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

nanoparticle

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RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65
RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65
A nanoparticle is defined as a small, stable particle, whose size is measured in nanometers. These particles are used in biomedical applications in which they serve as drug carriers or imaging agents. Various targeting agents, such as antibodies, drugs, imaging agents, and reporters can be attached to the surface of a nanoparticle.

nanomaterial entity

Anchor
RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65
RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65
The component of a sample that is a nanoparticle.

nanoparticle sample

Anchor
RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65
RTF6e616e6f7061727469636c65
A nanoparticle-containing sample used in experimental studies.

necrosis

Anchor
RTF6e6563726f736973
RTF6e6563726f736973
The pathologic localized death of living cells, as from infection or interruption of the blood supply, generally associated with severe cellular trauma caused by progressive degradation by enzymes. Characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, and uncontrolled cell lysis, it is unprogrammed death of living tissue and cells.

neutron scattering

Anchor
RTF6e657574726f6e5f73636174
RTF6e657574726f6e5f73636174
Radiation of neutrons during radioactive decay.

observed

Anchor
RTF6f62736572766564
RTF6f62736572766564
Ascertained or determined through monitoring or observation.

oxidative burst

Anchor
RTF6f78696461746976655f6275
RTF6f78696461746976655f6275
A process that consists of the rapid release of reactive oxygen species. The process frequently occurs in cells when superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide species are released.

oxidative stress

Anchor
RTF6f78696461746976655f7374
RTF6f78696461746976655f7374
A disturbance in the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products. The damage to biological tissues is caused by superoxide and other free radicals generated by many factors, including exposure to alcohol, medications, trauma, cold, toxins, and radiation or by antimicrobial cellular immunity, metabolic abnormality, or "normal" aging; not synonymous with hypoxia or hyperoxia.

PDI

Anchor
RTF504449
RTF504449
Polydispersity_Index A measure of the distribution of molecular weights in a given polymer sample. The PDI calculated is the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight. It indicates the distribution of individual molecular weights in a population of polymers.

PET

Anchor
RTF504554
RTF504554
A technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radio nuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered.

peer review article

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RTF706565725f7265766965775f
RTF706565725f7265766965775f
A journal article that was subjected to the scrutiny of experts in the field prior to publication.

peak1

Anchor
RTF7065616b31
RTF7065616b31
A peak on a graph. If there are multiple peaks, the most extreme possible amount or value; the highest point.

peptide

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RTF70657074696465
RTF70657074696465
Organic compound composed of amino acids linked together chemically by peptide bonds. The peptide bond always involves a single covalent link between the alpha-carboxyl (oxygen-bearing carbon) of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid.

pH

Anchor
RTF7048
RTF7048
Quantity of dimension one used to express on a scale from 0 to 14 the amount-of-substance concentration of hydrogen ion of dilute aqueous solution, calculated as the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter.

phagocytosis

Anchor
RTF706861676f6379746f736973
RTF706861676f6379746f736973
Endocytosis of particulate material, such as microorganisms or cell fragments, into membranous phagosomes that fuse with lysosomes and result in digestion of the ingested material.

pharmacokinetics

Anchor
RTF706861726d61636f6b696e65
RTF706861726d61636f6b696e65
The characteristic movements of drugs within biological systems, as affected by absorption, distribution, binding, elimination, biotransformation, and excretion; particularly the rates of such movements.

physical assay

Anchor
RTF706879736963616c5f617373
RTF706879736963616c5f617373
A procedure for evaluating the physical properties of the sample.

physico-chemical characterization

Anchor
RTF706879736963616c5f636861
RTF706879736963616c5f636861
The determination of the material, structural and chemical properties of a nanoparticle.

physical state

Anchor
RTF706879736963616c5f737461
RTF706879736963616c5f737461
The indication that a chemical form is solid, liquid, or gas.

plasma protein binding

Anchor
RTF706c61736d615f70726f7465
RTF706c61736d615f70726f7465
An assay that measures the interaction of plasma proteins with the nanoparticle sample.

platelet aggregation

Anchor
RTF706c6174656c657461676772
RTF706c6174656c657461676772
The accumulation and adherence of platelets to form a clot or thrombus. When injury or bleeding occurs, platelets clump together at the site of injury; they expand and adhere to the injured area, thereby acting as a plug to reduce the bleeding. Platelet dysfunction can result in blood clotting and bleeding disorders.

Anchor
RTF38313738303a205461626c65
RTF38313738303a205461626c65
polymer

Anchor
RTF706f6c796d6572
RTF706f6c796d6572
A key feature that distinguishes polymers from other molecules is the repetition of a linked series of many identical, similar, or complementary monomers. A polymer nanoparticle is a polymer measured in nanometer range.

probe

Anchor
RTF70726f6265
RTF70726f6265
General term for a piece of DNA or RNA corresponding to a gene or sequence of interest, that has been labeled either radioactively or with some other detectable molecule, such as biotin, digoxygenin or fluorescein. As stretches of DNA or RNA with complementary sequences will (hybridize), a probe will label viral plaques, bacterial colonies or bands on a gel that contain the gene of interest.

On-line Medical Dictionary.

proceeding

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RTF70726f63656564696e67
RTF70726f63656564696e67
An official record of things said or done.

proliferation

Anchor
RTF70726f6c696665726174696f
RTF70726f6c696665726174696f
Growth and reproduction of new similar forms, e.g. cells, buds, or offspring.

protein

Anchor
RTF70726f7465696e
RTF70726f7465696e
A group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains (linear polymers) of alpha-L-amino acids linked by peptide bonds and ranging in size from a few thousand to over 1 million Daltons. Proteins are fundamental genetically encoded components of living cells with specific structures and functions dictated by amino acid sequence.

published

Anchor
RTF7075626c6973686564
RTF7075626c6973686564
Refers to a document that was accepted and published

purity

Anchor
RTF707572697479
RTF707572697479
In the context of caNanoLab, refers to the degree of being free of contaminants or heterogeneous components.

quantum dot

Anchor
RTF7175616e74756d5f646f74
RTF7175616e74756d5f646f74
A quantum dot is a nanometer-sized semiconductor particle, made of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating. The semiconductor material used for the core is chosen based upon the emission wavelength range being targeted: CdS for UV-blue, CdSe for the bulk of the visible spectrum, and CdTe for far red and near-infrared. The size of the particle determines the exact color of a given quantum dot. The polymer coating protects cells from cadmium toxicity but also facilitates the attachment of a variety of targeting molecules, including monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-specific biomarkers.

radio labeling

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RTF726164696f5f6c6162656c69
RTF726164696f5f6c6162656c69
A laboratory procedure that results in the incorporation of a radioactive isotope into a molecule of interest.

RMS-size

Anchor
RTF524d532d73697a65
RTF524d532d73697a65
The root mean square size is the square root of the mean value for the squares of the sizes measured for particles in the sample.

Raman spectroscopy

Anchor
RTF52616d616e5f737065637472
RTF52616d616e5f737065637472
Emission of electromagnetic energy with a shorter frequency (longer wavelength) than that of the incident monochromatic light. Arises from the low probability absorption of quanta with a higher energy than that required for a transition: the difference in energy is emitted as a lower frequency (energy) photon. Allows analysis of vibrational and rotational energy levels using visible incident light.

receptor

Anchor
RTF7265636570746f72
RTF7265636570746f72
Cell surface proteins that bind signaling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

relaxivity

Anchor
RTF72656c61786976697479
RTF72656c61786976697479
A measure of the ability of magnetic compounds to increase the relaxation rates of the surrounding water proton spins in nuclear magnetic resonance applications.

relaxivity: R1, R2, T1, T2

Anchor
RTF5231
RTF5231
R1 = The relaxation rate of the net nuclear spin polarization in the direction of the magnetic field of a spectrometer back to its equilibrium value.
Anchor
RTF5232
RTF5232
R2 = The relaxation rate of spin polarization in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field of a spectrometer back to zero as precessing spins loose coherence with each other.
Anchor
RTF5431
RTF5431
T1 = The time it takes for the net nuclear spin in the plane that is parallel to the magnetic field of a spectrometer to return to its equilibrium value.
Anchor
RTF5432
RTF5432
T2 = The time it takes for the net nuclear spin in the plane that is perpendicular to the magnetic field of a spectrometer to decay to zero.

repeat unit

Anchor
RTF7265706561745f756e6974
RTF7265706561745f756e6974
The simplest chemical structure that is identical to all of the other units in a polymer.

report

Anchor
RTF7265706f7274
RTF7265706f7274
A short textual account; having provided a short account.

researcher

Anchor
RTF72657365617263686572
RTF72657365617263686572
Signifies user who has read-only access to both local and remote data

review

Anchor
RTF726576696577
RTF726576696577
A journal article that summarizes the progress in some particular area or topic during a preceding period.

RNA

Anchor
RTF524e41
RTF524e41
A nucleic acid molecule similar to DNA but containing ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA is formed upon a DNA template. There are several classes of RNA molecules. They play crucial roles in protein synthesis and other cell activities.

ROS Generation

Anchor
RTF524f535f67656e6572617469
RTF524f535f67656e6572617469
An oxygen species that carries an unpaired electron (e.g., the hydroxyl radical and the superoxide anion). These radicals are very powerful oxidizing agents and cause structural damage to proteins and nucleic acids.

SMARTS

Anchor
RTF534d41525453
RTF534d41525453
A linear notation used to specify the substructural patterns in a molecule.

SMILES

Anchor
RTF534d494c4553
RTF534d494c4553
Specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecular editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models for the molecules.

SPECT

Anchor
RTF5350454354
RTF5350454354
A type of tomography in which gamma photon-emitting radio nuclides are administered to the patient and then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient. From the series of two-dimensional images produced, a three-dimensional image can be created by computer reconstruction.

safety

Anchor
RTF736166657479
RTF736166657479
The state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions.

sample

Anchor
sample
sample
A sample is a formulation of a base nanoparticle platform and any additional components that contribute to the function(s) of the nanoparticle. A sample can also be a control used in comparative analysis.

sample characterization

Anchor
RTF73616d706c655f63686172
RTF73616d706c655f63686172
Describing distinctive characteristics or essential features of the sample determined through analytical methods is necessary to record information associated with sample synthesis and properties.

sample composition

Anchor
RTF73616d706c655f636f6d706f
RTF73616d706c655f636f6d706f
The elements that make up the experimental sample

sample concentration

Anchor
RTF73616d706c655f636f6e6365
RTF73616d706c655f636f6e6365
The quantity of a specimen per unit volume or weight; a measure of the amount of substance present in a unit amount of mixture, particularly, the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The amounts can be expressed as moles, masses, volumes, or parts.

sample preparation

Anchor
RTF73616d706c655f7072657061
RTF73616d706c655f7072657061
The act or process of making a substance ready for further study.

ScFv

Anchor
RTF53634676
RTF53634676
A genetically engineered antibody consisting of both the variable heavy chain (VH) and the light chain (VL) of an immunoglobulin. These entities are joined together by a flexible peptide linker.

sequence

Anchor
RTF73657175656e6365
RTF73657175656e6365
A serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrent pattern."

shape

Anchor
RTF7368617065
RTF7368617065
The spatial arrangement of a nanoparticle as represented in its external surface or outline of specific form or figure.

shell

Anchor
RTF7368656c6c
RTF7368656c6c
A rigid covering that envelops an object.

short term storage

Anchor
RTF73686f72745f7465726d5f73
RTF73686f72745f7465726d5f73
The act of safekeeping goods in a depository for a short period of time.

size

Anchor
RTF73697a65
RTF73697a65
The physical magnitude of a nanoparticle.

solid

Anchor
RTF736f6c6964
RTF736f6c6964
The state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shape.{}Ù^

solid-crystal

Anchor
RTF736f6c69642d637279737461
RTF736f6c69642d637279737461
A solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure.

solid-fibril

Anchor
RTF736f6c69642d66696272696c
RTF736f6c69642d66696272696c
A small slender fiber or filament.

solid-glass

Anchor
RTF736f6c69642d676c617373
RTF736f6c69642d676c617373
A brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure.

solid-granule

Anchor
RTF736f6c69642d6772616e756c
RTF736f6c69642d6772616e756c
Any small grainlike particle.

solid-powder

Anchor
RTF736f6c69642d706f77646572
RTF736f6c69642d706f77646572
A solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles; a solid that has been pulverized.

solubility

Anchor
RTF736f6c7562696c697479
RTF736f6c7562696c697479
In the context of caNanoLab, refers to the ability and then the quantity of a nanoparticle to dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution).

solvent media

Anchor
RTF736f6c76656e745f6d656469
RTF736f6c76656e745f6d656469
A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount.

sonication

Anchor
RTF736f6e69636174696f6e
RTF736f6e69636174696f6e
A technique that uses sound energy to agitate or disrupt the components of a sample.

small molecule

Anchor
RTF736d616c6c5f6d6f6c656375
RTF736d616c6c5f6d6f6c656375
A molecule with a low molecular weight that is not determined by a genome sequence.

standard deviation

Anchor
RTF7374616e646172645f646576
RTF7374616e646172645f646576
A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. Standard deviation is a statistic used as a measure of the dispersion or variation in a distribution, equal to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.

sterility

Anchor
RTF73746572696c697479
RTF73746572696c697479
A test to determine if the sample has any microbiological contaminants.

submitted

Anchor
RTF7375626d6974746564
RTF7375626d6974746564
Refers to a document that was submitted but has not been accepted as a publication

summary

Anchor
RTF73756d6d617279
RTF73756d6d617279
A view where all the characterizations within the category appear in one table.

surface

Anchor
RTF73757266616365
RTF73757266616365
The extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a nanoparticle.

surface area

Anchor
RTF737572666163655f61726561
RTF737572666163655f61726561
A measurement of the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object.

surface chemistry

Anchor
RTF737572666163655f6368656d
RTF737572666163655f6368656d
The chemical properties of the surface of the sample.

synthesis

Anchor
RTF73796e746865736973
RTF73796e746865736973
The process of producing a chemical compound, usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds.

targeting

Anchor
RTF746172676574
RTF746172676574
Nanoparticles can be designed to target tumors, or other areas of interest.

targeting function

Anchor
RTF746172676574696e675f6675
RTF746172676574696e675f6675
An element that allows the sample to function as an targeting agent.

temperature

Anchor
RTF74656d7065726174757265
RTF74656d7065726174757265
A measure of the average kinetic energy of a system of particles. Temperature may be quantified, in the context of thermodynamics, as the potential of one system to transfer thermal energy to another system until both systems reach a state of thermal equilibrium.

terminal group

Anchor
RTF7465726d696e616c5f67726f
RTF7465726d696e616c5f67726f
A chemical structure found at the ends or on the surface of a larger molecule or chemical entity.

therapeutic function

Anchor
RTF7468657261706575746963
RTF7468657261706575746963
The use of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications in a clinical setting.
This method entails the attachment of a drug to the surface of nanoparticles. The role of the nanoparticle is to facilitate delivery of the drug to a cellular target that it would not reach in its free form.

therapeutic function

Anchor
RTF74686572617065757469635f
RTF74686572617065757469635f
An element that allows the sample to function as an therapeutic agent.

toxicity

Anchor
RTF746f786963697479
RTF746f786963697479
The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.

transfection

Anchor
RTF7472616e7366656374696f6e
RTF7472616e7366656374696f6e
A permanently established cell culture that will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space.

toxicology

Anchor
RTF746f7869636f6c6f6779
RTF746f7869636f6c6f6779
The branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons.

type

Anchor
RTF74797065
RTF74797065
The indication that a whole antibody or an antibody fragment is a component of the sample.

ultrasound

Anchor
RTF756c747261736f756e64
RTF756c747261736f756e64
Very high frequency sound

ultraviolet

Anchor
RTF756c74726176696f6c6574
RTF756c74726176696f6c6574
The invisible ultraviolet spectrum makes up one specific portion of sunlight. This unique portion accounts for three percent of all solar radiation reaching the earth. UV radiation causes many health problems.

units of measurement

Anchor
RTF25
RTF25
% = percent
Anchor
RTF256d6f6c65
RTF256d6f6c65
%mole = percent of total moles
Anchor
RTF25766f6c
RTF25766f6c
%vol = percent of total volume
Anchor
RTF2577742f766f6c
RTF2577742f766f6c
%wt/vol = percent weight per volume
Anchor
RTF612e752e
RTF612e752e
a.u. = atomic units
Anchor
RTF6143
RTF6143
aC = attocoulomb
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RTF4168
RTF4168
Ah = ampere hour
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RTF43
RTF43
C = coulomb
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RTF657375
RTF657375
esu = electrostatic unit of charge
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RTF72
RTF72
r = Franklin
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RTF67
RTF67
g = gram
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RTF672f6d6c
RTF672f6d6c
g/ml = grams per milliliter
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RTF6b4461
RTF6b4461
kDa = kiloDaltons
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RTF6d67
RTF6d67
mg = milligram
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RTF6d672f6d6c
RTF6d672f6d6c
mg/ml = milligrams per milliliter
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RTF6d56
RTF6d56
mV = millivolt
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RTF6e6d
RTF6e6d
nm = nanometer
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RTF6d5e32
RTF6d5e32
nm^2 = square nanometer
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RTF7374617443
RTF7374617443
statC = statcoulomb
ug = microgram
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RTF75672f6d6c
RTF75672f6d6c
ug/ml = micrograms per millilieter
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RTF75672f756c
RTF75672f756c
ug/ul = micrograms per microliter
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RTF756c
RTF756c
ul = microliter

van der Waals attraction

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RTF76616e5f6465725f5761616c
RTF76616e5f6465725f5761616c
The weak attraction between two or more chemical entities that is caused by the polarization of adjacent atoms or molecules.

visibility

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RTF7669736962696c697479
RTF7669736962696c697479
The access to objects granted to logged in users.

whole

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RTF77686f6c65
RTF77686f6c65
Including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete. In the context of caNanoLab, this term represents the use of a complete antibody molecule.

x-ray

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RTF782d726179
RTF782d726179
Gamma rays and X-rays are similar forms of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays are distinguished from X rays by their origin. Gamma rays are produced by nuclear transitions while X-rays are produced by energy transitions due to accelerating electrons. Because it is possible for some electron transitions to be of higher energy than nuclear transition, there is an overlap between low energy gamma rays and high energy X-rays. Gamma rays are considered to be electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of 1 nanometer or shorter while x-rays are between approximately.01 nanometers and 200 nanometers.

Z-average

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RTF5a2d61766572616765
RTF5a2d61766572616765
A parameter used for calculations involving mechanical properties. The parameter is measured by using dynamic light scattering to obtain the intensity weighted mean hydrodynamic size of a collection of particles.

Z-score

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RTF5a2d73636f7265
RTF5a2d73636f7265
A measurement that indicates how far and in what direction an item deviates from its distribution's mean, expressed in units of its distribution's standard deviation.

zeta potential

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RTF7a6574615f706f74656e7469
RTF7a6574615f706f74656e7469
The magnitude of the electrical potential as generated by ion accumulation at the particulate surface. This surface consists of two layers, the Stern layer and the diffuse layer, which comprise an electrical double-layer. The measurement of the electrical potential provides important information regarding the dispersion mechanism, the degree of particle dispersion and the electrostatic potential of the sample.

  • Glossary of caNanoLab terms