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Definition of project

The goal of this project is to create a survey of Publicly Available InVivo Medical Imaging Archives and the underlying software capabilities. It is generally agreed that there is a need for public medical imaging archives to provide the biomedical research community, industry, and academia with access to images that support:

  • Lesion detection and classification
  • Accelerated diagnostic imaging decision
  • Quantitative imaging assessment of drug response

The purpose of this project is to provide a practical guide for the community which allows them to:

  1. to assess existing software and instantiations that are appropriate to their research or clinical needs.
  2. to locate relevant  publicly available data for research

We encourage any feedback from the wider community that may help improve this information or correct any misconceptions stated below. The survey is divided into two sections:

  1. Publicly hosted biomedical imaging archives which are populated with actual data which researchers, teachers, industry, etc may wish to utilize
  2. Image archive software solutions which one could download and use to host their own DICOM image data sets

Publicly Hosted Biomedical Imaging Archives

The following table is a list of publicly accessible DICOM based biomedical image archives. Following the table is an analysis of what was found upon reviewing each archive in August 2010.

 

NBIA

NIAMS

Central XNAT

Image Data Archive

Function BIRN Data Repository

NIRL Imaging Database

Give A Scan

Optical Society of America (OSA)

Pediatric MRI Data Repository

Insight Journal




Supporting Institution(s)

Cancer Imaging Program, caBIG

NIAMS, caBIG

WUSTL, BIRN

Lab of NeuroImaging UCLA (LONI)

BIRN

BIRN

Lung Cancer Alliance

Optical Society of America

NIH, NDAR

Insight Journal




Content Type

In Vivo Cancer Imaging

Osteoarthritis

Biomedical images and meta data

ADNI (Alzheimers),
CRYO (histology),
ICBM (Brain mapping),
AIBL (Autralian Aging)

Brain scans

ELUDE (Elderly Depression),
MIRIAD (Depression)

Patient-contributed Medical scans

Optical

Normal brain development 

Biomedical images and meta data




Archive Software

NBIA

NBIA

XNAT

Image Data Archive

custom

XNAT

MIDAS

MIDAS

custom

MIDAS




Login account required

For advanced site features or limited access data sets, but is not required for accessing public data

Yes

For accessing limited access data sets, but not for public data

Yes, via email address.  Used only for providing links for downloading data.

 

For accessing limited access data sets, but not for public data

No

For accessing limited access data sets, but not for public data

Yes

For accessing limited access data sets, but not for public data




Explicit data sharing policy

Yes, with options for uploading fully open or limited access data sets

Yes, found here

No

 

 

 

 

 






Accepting new data

Yes, with approval from NCI CBIIT/CIP

 

Yes, users can register accounts and upload data

 

 

 

 

 






Central curation/review

Yes, performed by CBIIT/CIP staff

 

No

 

 

 

 

 






Availability/Uptime

~99%, hosted on a redundant production system at NCI CBIIT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 






Project- or Collection- based groupings?

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

Yes

Yes

Yes


Yes




Size of Current Volume

~3TB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 






number of DICOM Tags query-able

~90

~90

 

 

 

 

 

 






DICOM transfer protocol

For submission, but not download

For submission, but not download

 

 

 

 

 

 






methods to download DICOM data

Web (zip), FTP, Java Webstart client

Web (zip), FTP, Java Webstart client

 

 

 

 

 

 






Helpdesk Support

Yes, CBIIT Application Support

Yes, [CBIIT Application Support

http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/NCICB/support]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Affiliation with Journal

No

No

No

 

 

 

 

 






caBIG

NBIA

  • Open source, federated model for grid based image sharing.
  • Allows for "nodes" to be deployed in other institutions, which can then be connected via the grid so they are query-able from any NBIA server.
  • Includes both public data access without login as well as option to build secure role-based Collections which require special access via logging in
  • Simple search query options include node selection, modality, contrast enhancement, anatomical site, image slice thickness, Collections (pre-defined sets of related images), the date the images were made available, and whether or not they have associated annotations
  • Advanced and Dynamic search options available to search upwards of 70 additional DICOM tag attributes
  • Images can be viewed on the web site via JPG thumbnails or using the Cine functionality
  • Allows for storage of annotation files and meta data, though there are plans to move most of this functionality to AIM data services in the near future
  • Downloads are provided in 3 formats, either via a Java webstart client (no size requirement issues, images are not zipped) or HTTP (zipped, for downloads <3GB in size) or an emailed link to an FTP site (zipped, for downloads >3GB in size)
  • Currently 2 major nodes hosted at NCI, one for CIP/CBIIT and another for NIAMS.
    • CIP/CBIIT
      • http://imaging.nci.nih.gov
      • Contains ~25 purpose built image collections, ~15 of which are publicly accessible to anyone - more info on the contents of each collection can be found at https://wiki.nci.nih.gov/x/lRWy
      • Collections range in size from as small as a handful of patients up to larger collections such as LIDC-IDRI (1010 patients) or the colonoscopy collections (over 800 patients each)
      • Approximately 2.5 TB of image data as of August 2010
    • NIAMS

LONI

LONI homepage: http://www.loni.ucla.edu/

Image Data Archive - http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Research/Databases/

  • Uses LONI Image Data Archive, not sure if this can be deployed and hosted elsewhere for other archives if desired.  Did not immediately notice any place to download the code.
  • Requires secure login, has role based access to various Projects in their archive.
  • Allows search based on project (prior to the simple query page) via Simple or Advanced query.  Simple query contains subject ID, modality, research group, series description, weighting, sex, age, slice thickness, and acquisition plane.  Advanced query offers a wide variety of 27 different search criteria pertaining to the patient, project, clinical info, study info, and image attributes. (Note: advanced query only seems to be an option with ADNI data set)
  • Viewing images in the web site launches "LONI Image Viewer", a java based viewer which lets you scan through image slices in axial/sagittal/coronal orientations as well as zoom, pan, flip (horizontal/vertical) and adjust brightness and contrast.
  • Can add specific series/studies to custom collections, collections can then be downloaded or shared.  Download can be in native DICOM format or in NiFTI/ANALYZE/MINC formats? I've heard of NiFTI, not sure what the other options are.  Download is managed through a java applet, came with images and a couple XML files containing some patient and equipment metadata.
  • Data collections include:
    • Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) - Consists of both image data (MRI and PET), image meta-data, and additional clinical/genetic/numeric summary data for 895 patients
    • BRIN - Logged in with my "ADNI (GUEST)" access this Project only appeared to have one 3 year old patient, no description of this data set is on the "Available Data" page
    • Cryosection Imaging (CRYO) - 3 patients, histology modality
    • Public Anonymized Dataset (PAD) - 3 "normal control" patients, MRI modality
    • International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) - 851 "normal control" patients, modalities including MRI, fMRI, MRA, DTI, and PET.  I do not have access to this data set currently so did not review its contents.
    • Australian Imaging Biomarkers & Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing (AIBL) - 285 patients including controls, MCI, and AD subject groups.  Modalities include MRI and PET.  I do not have access to this data set currently so did not review its contents.

BIRN

BIRN data portal: http://www.birncommunity.org/resources/data/

BIRN is connected with multiple institutions which host multiple archives using different software and containing different data sets.

  • Function BIRN Data Repository - http://fbirnbdr.nbirn.net:8080/BDR/
    • Contains 5 data sets according to the BIRN data page (but it's actually 4). 
    • On the home page it displays a description of each data set and then presents pre-packaged data files in a drill down tree style menu which lists what appears to be individual patients in some cases, individual image studies in others.
    • Querying across the data is possible using meta data.  It does not appear query against DICOM tags is possible.
    • The site itself seems to be a custom web site, not something that could be easily used for other archives.
    • Downloads happen in the browser.  You choose what you want to download, it is processed on the server and there is an alert that notifies you when your "job" is ready for download.  Testing a 100mb patient download I was notified pretty quickly that my job was done, but getting the job page to load took about a minute before I was presented with a small table of information and buttons to actually download the file.  Pressing the download button resulted in saving a .TAR file to my computer.  TAR structure contained many subdirectories sorted by study then series and so on.  Images contained DCM file extension and there were also a couple XML files included with some meta-data.
    • The data sets include the following (but the last one is not yet posted, may never be since this was done in 2007):
      • BrainScape Resting State fMRI Dataset 1 - This dataset includes seventeen healthy subjects with four resting state fixation scans plus one T1 scan and one T2 scan.
      • BrainScape Resting State fMRI Dataset 2 - This dataset includes ten healthy subjects scanned 3 times with 3 conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and fixating in addition to two anatomical scans (T1 and T2).
      • Neuroimaging Calibration Study (Phase II) - The FBIRN multi-site dataset of subjects with schizophrenia and controls includes functional MRI images, behavioral data, demographic, and clinical assessments on 253 subjects from around the US.
      • Traveling subjects study (Phase I) - This dataset includes five healthy subjects imaged twice at each of ten FBIRN MRI scanners on successive days.
  • NIRL Imaging Database - http://nirlarc.duhs.duke.edu/nirle/
    • Uses XNAT for the archive software (unsure what version or if any major customizations were made)
    • Contains both image data and meta-data
    • Includes the following data sets:
      • Efficient Longitudinal Upload of Depression in the Elderly (ELUDE) - The ELUDE dataset is a longitudinal study of late-life depression at Duke University. There are 281 depressed subjects and 154 controls included (435 total patients). An MR scan of each subject was obtained every 2 years for up to 8 years (total of 1093 scans). Clinical assessments occurred more frequently and consists of a battery of psychiatric tests including several depression-specific tests.
      • Multisite Imaging Research In the Analysis of Depression (MIRIAD) - A multiple institution study of structural MRI, including raw PD and T2 MRIs and derived measures of white matter changes, basal ganglia and other regions. Demographic and extensive clinical assessment data is available for each case. (100 patients)
  • Central XNAT- http://central.xnat.org/

Insight Journal

http://www.insight-journal.org/midas/

A MIDAS based image archive which contains a number of data sets contributed from NAMIC, NLM, Kitware, the Insight Software Consortium, and more. "Communities" listed on the site include:

  • NLM Imaging Methods Assessment and Reporting (IMAR) - According to the site, "The goal of the NLM's IMAR program is to provide data, methods, and computational resources for the quantitative comparison of image segmentation, registration, and computer-aided diagnosis methods." The main page says it contains 2 private/limited access data sets and 1 public data set.
    • Retrospective Image Registration Evaluation (RIRE) - Supposedly limited access (perhaps the full data set is?), but seems to have 18 test cases of rigid multi modality head scans and 1 training case accessible to the public.
    • Public Data Standards - Contains 5 cases of "Livers and liver tumors with expert hand segmentations", 4 cases called "Zebrafish time series", and ~110 cases under "Designed Database of MR Brain Images of Healthy Volunteers" which is accompanied by some patient demographics.
  • National Alliance for Medical Image Computing (NAMIC) - Provides 10 different Collections/Communities consisting of ~13 GB of data
  • Kitware - Provides a variety of public medical images
    • The site includes 7 items and indicates that "Most items in this collection consist of DICOM scans that have been anonymized and 3D reconstructions of those DICOM data in the MetaImage format."
    • Full listing found at http://www.insight-journal.org/midas/collection/view/9
  • Insight Software Consortium (ISC) - "Featuring software, data, and articles of the Insight Software Journal and the ISC."
    • Consists of 2 Communities, one which has ISC related papers and another which contains actual image and meta data.
  • Image-Guided Surgery Toolkit (IGSTK) - Contains two image collections, one of which is "CIRS Multi-modality Phantom - CT Image" and the other being "Ultrasound 3D CIRS 57 phantom data set"
  • Common Toolkit (CTK) - 5 items including what appears to be 3 cases from JHU, a "Head Axial DICOM" case, and "MRI Phantom - 6 directional acquisitions".

Lung Cancer Alliance: Give A Scan

http://www.giveascan.org/

From their homepage-

*Give A Scan* is the world's first patient-powered, publicly available archive of images and clinical data on lung cancer patients. All the data has been donated by patients in order to encourage more researchers to focus on lung cancer and to accelerate progress in the early detection, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer which is now the leading cause of cancer death worldwide.

As of August 2010 the archive contains 9 "communities" which appear to be 9 patients with lung cancer totaling approximately 1GB of data.  The site provides some meta data information about the images and clinical info about the subjects.  Images are hosted in DICOM format.  The archive can be browsed by Community/patient/study/series or searched by modality and other image meta data.

The archive is hosted by the Kitware image archive solution called MIDAS: http://www.kitware.com/products/midas.html

Optical Society of America (OSA)

http://midas.osa.org/midaspub/

This archive is a collection of optical images. Like the Lung Cancer Alliance archive it is also hosted using Kitware's MIDAS archive software. This archive hosts 6 top level "communities" which contain anywhere from 4 to 242 items within them. In this case it seems not all of the data is DICOM but some of it is. Three of the Communities appear to be unrelated demonstration collections not tied to OSA as they contain lesion sizing data sets of lung images.

WebMIRS

http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/webmirs/

WebMIRS is the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) tool used for hosting two related datasets and related spine x-ray images which are part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The site requires registration and login through a java web client to view the data set. Most of the data is text based, but there are spine x-rays for some of the patients. The client allows for searching but not really browsing. The user must enter a boolean search query in order to retrieve any patient results. It does not appear that it is possible to actually download the images, rather that you can only view them in the WebMIRS client.

NA-MIC Image Gallery

National Alliance for Medical Image Computing (NA-MIC) Image Gallery: http://www.na-mic.org/publications/gallery

As of October 2010 this consisted of ~383 images.  All images appear to be JPGs or similar compressed file types rather than actual DICOM.  The purpose of this gallery seems to be to create a repository for images, charts, and figures referenced in publications submitted to NA-MIC's publication database (http://www.na-mic.org/publications).   Images can be browsed by patient/study/series or searched by modality and a number of other image based features.

Pediatric MRI Data Repository

Part of the National Database for Autism Research (NDAR) program.

According to http://ndar.nih.gov/ndarpublicweb/aboutNDAR.go#federation-

The Pediatric MRI Data Repository will be the first in this series to be made available to ASD researchers, in the summer of 2010. At that time, investigators will be able to perform a single query in the NDAR portal to view results across multiple datasets.

The original Pediatric MRI Data Repository is located at https://nihpd.crbs.ucsd.edu/nihpd/info/index.html. Access to the data requires filling out multiple forms and faxing them to an office at NIH to receive permission. I have not yet requested access at this time to find out exactly what's in the archive, however some information about their quality control processes reveal a little about the image protocols and can be learned about here: https://nihpd.crbs.ucsd.edu/nihpd/info/quality_control.html

NIH Image Bank

The NIH Image Bank is located at http://media.nih.gov/imagebank/index.aspx

According to http://media.nih.gov/imagebank/about.aspx-

The NIH Image Bank contains images from the collections of the 27 institutes and centers that comprise the National Institutes of Health. Contents include general biomedical and science-related images, clinicians, computers, patient care-related images, microscopy images, and various exterior images.

The point of the image bank appears to be more for promotional and marketing images. I did not notice any high quality medical images of actual patients or DICOM files which might be usable for research purposes.

European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)

http://www.eortc.be/services/forms/erp/default.aspx

According to their site investigators can make requests for access to data collected as part of EORTC trials after the primary end point has been published on. I did not see any place that outlined what trials are being conducted, what trials have been completed and reached their publication of primary endpoint, or exactly what types of data are collected. However in the PDF on this page which outlines their data sharing policy in more detail it lists in the section "4.3 Data Transfer" that "data will preferentially transferred in the form of an ASCII file (with .dat extension), with associated SAS programs to load the data into SAS." I saw no mention of how they handle images in this section and thus assume they may not collect or distribute any.

Image archive software solutions

Below is a list of image archive solutions that can be deployed by interested parties wishing to build their own DICOM based biomedical image archive. This list omits some of the archives above in cases where we could not find any information about how one might download and deploy their own instance of the software.

 

NBIA

XNAT

MIDAS


 

 

Interface/GUI

Web

Web

Web

 

 

 

Query types/flexibility

Simple (9 parameters), Advanced (10 more parameters), Dynamic (boolean query of up to 90 DICOM tags)

Limited subset of DICOM tags out of the box but is highly configurable for adding the ability to query on just about any kind of meta data you wish to provide

 

 

 

 

Role Based Security

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

 

Public access option (no login req)

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

 

Active Development

Yes, NCI CBIIT

Yes, WUSTL Neuroinformatics Research Group

Yes, Kitware

 

 

 

Supports Federated Implementation

Yes, can discover other nodes on the caGrid

Not currently, but there are plans to add this functionality eventually

No

 

 

 

API available

Yes, caGrid

Yes, ?RESTFUL web services?

 

 

 

 

Supported image formats

DICOM

 

 

 

 

 

Supported metadata formats

XML, Zip

 

 

 

 

 

Transfer protocols (import/export)

DICOM, HTTPS

 

 

 

 

 

Controlled Vocabulary

caBIG

 

 

 

 

 

Deployment Support

Yes, CBIIT Application Support or via NBIA User Listserv

 

 

 

 

 

Support Operating Systems

Linux, Mac, Windows

 

 

 

 

 

Standard of De-Identification

Incorporates S142 standards via CTP profiles

 

 

 

 

 

Support for multi-site submissions

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

 

 

NBIA

https://gforge.nci.nih.gov/frs/?group_id=312

Xnat

http://www.xnat.org/

MIDAS

http://www.kitware.com/products/midas.html

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